Objective:To clarify the key genes and biological processes in spermatogenesis, integrate and analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and key signaling pathways in the differentiation process of human spermatogonia (SPG), and to explore the early molecular mechanism of spermatogenesis, increase the molecular biology understanding of SPG differentiation process.Methods:The transcriptome data of human undifferentiated spermatogonia and differentiated spermatogonia (dSPG) were downloaded from the public database. Hisat2 and StingTie were used to screen DEGs. DEGs were analyzed by gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) functional enrichment analysis. MACS2 software was used to analyze the open chromatin regions (OCRs) in ATAC-seq data.Results:A total of 8 532 DEGs were screened, including 4 127 up-regulated genes and 4 405 down-regulated genes. They regulate the differentiation of SPG through some important biological processes, such as cell cycle, cytokine-mediated signaling pathways, organic matter metabolism, cell movement, and methylation. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that some important signaling pathways including FoxO signaling pathway and JAK-STAT signaling pathway played an important role in SPG differentiation. GO enrichment analysis showed that methylation played an important role in the differentiation of SPG, and the expression of methylation-related genes was significantly different. The TDRDs family was significantly enriched, and 9 TDRDs genes were found to be more active in dSPG. Conclusion:In this study, the differentially expressed genes during SPG differentiation were identified by bioinformatics analysis, and the differences in transcription and chromatin levels of key genes were clarified, which laid an important theoretical foundation for the study of SPG differentiation mechanism.

Objective:To clarify the key genes and biological processes in spermatogenesis, integrate and analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and key signaling pathways in the differentiation process of human spermatogonia (SPG), and to explore the early molecular mechanism of spermatogenesis, increase the molecular biology understanding of SPG differentiation process.Methods:The transcriptome data of human undifferentiated spermatogonia and differentiated spermatogonia (dSPG) were downloaded from the public database. Hisat2 and StingTie were used to screen DEGs. DEGs were analyzed by gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) functional enrichment analysis. MACS2 software was used to analyze the open chromatin regions (OCRs) in ATAC-seq data.Results:A total of 8 532 DEGs were screened, including 4 127 up-regulated genes and 4 405 down-regulated genes. They regulate the differentiation of SPG through some important biological processes, such as cell cycle, cytokine-mediated signaling pathways, organic matter metabolism, cell movement, and methylation. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that some important signaling pathways including FoxO signaling pathway and JAK-STAT signaling pathway played an important role in SPG differentiation. GO enrichment analysis showed that methylation played an important role in the differentiation of SPG, and the expression of methylation-related genes was significantly different. The TDRDs family was significantly enriched, and 9 TDRDs genes were found to be more active in dSPG. Conclusion:In this study, the differentially expressed genes during SPG differentiation were identified by bioinformatics analysis, and the differences in transcription and chromatin levels of key genes were clarified, which laid an important theoretical foundation for the study of SPG differentiation mechanism.

Objective:To study the changes of brain function in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) by using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) based on the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) method.Methods:A cross-sectional study method was performed, 34 cases of non-proliferative DR patients treated in the Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University during July 2018 to March 2019 were collected.Meanwhile, 34 healthy volunteers with matched age, gender, and education years were recruited.All subjects were performed with conventional MRI scanning and rs-fMRI scanning, then the fALFF values in the whole brain were calculated, and the differences of neuronal activities between the two groups were explored.This research protocol was approved by the Ethic Committee of Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, and written informed consent was obtained from each subject before any medical examination.Results:The fALFF values of DR patients in the left inferior temporal gyrus, left cerebellum, right pallidum, left supplementary motor area, and right superior orbitofrontal gyrus were -0.58±0.29, -0.47±0.39, -0.37±0.24, -0.31±0.26 and 0.29±0.49, respectively, which were significantly higher than -1.03±0.29, -0.90±0.31, -0.78±0.22, -0.72±0.21 and-0.17±0.46 of the normal control (voxel level P<0.01, gaussian random field correction, cluster level P<0.05)(all at P<0.001). Conclusions:Abnormal spontaneous neuronal activities occur in the left inferior temporal gyrus, left cerebellum, right pallidum, left supplementary motor area, and right superior orbitofrontal gyrus of DR patients.These abnormalities may associate with cognitive, vision and emotion.

Objective To explore the role and mechanism of tumor necrosis factor ligand -related molecule 1A (TL1A) in chronic experimental colitis associated intestinal fibrosis .Methods The model of chronic experimental colitis-associated intestinal fibrosis was induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS).The mice with high TL1A (L-Tg) expression in lymphoid cells and wild -type mice with the same genetic background were divided into wild type control group, wild type DSS group, transgenic control group and transgenic DSS group.The changes of body mass, length of colon, disease activity index (DAI) and colonic pathological score were compared among different groups .The degree of colonic inflammation was evaluated by Hematoxylin -Eosin (H-E) staining.The degree of intestinal fibrosis was assessed by Masson staining and Sirius red staining .The expression of vimentin, αsmooth muscle actin ( α-SMA), type Ⅰ collagen, Ⅲ collagen and transforming growth factor-β1 ( TGF-β1 ) /Smad3 in colon tissue was examined by immunohistochemistry .T test was performed for statistical analysis.Results The body mass of the transgenic DSS group decreased by (9.6 ± 1.8)％, which was more than wild-type DSS group (6.2 ±1.3)％, the difference was statistically significant (t =3.751, P <0.01).The DAI score and colonic pathological score of transgenic DSS group were both higher than those of wild-type DSS group (7.33 ±0.58 vs.6.00 ±1.00, and 14.00 ±1.05 vs.11.75 ±0.50, respectively), and the differences were statistically significant (t =2.818 and 4.739, both P <0.05).The results of Masson staining and Sirius red staining showed aggravation of intestinal fibrosis .The results of immunohistochemical staining showed that the cumulative positive absorbance values of vimentin , α-SMA, TGF-β1 and Smad3 of wild-type DSS group were lower than those of transgenic DSS group (0.650 ±0.050 vs. 0.800 ±0.020, 0.390 ±0.040 vs.0.600 ±0.040, 0.550 ±0.040 vs.0.730 ±0.040, 0.590 ±0.020 vs. 0.830 ±0.040), and the differences were statistically significant (t =6.823, 9.093, 7.794 and 10.390, all P <0.01).Conclusion TL1A may promote the proliferation and activation of fibroblasts through TGF -β1 /Smad3 pathway, leading to the genesis and development of experimental colitis associated intestinal fibrosis .