Tumor immunotherapy,recognized as the fourth major treatment modality alongside surgery,radiotherapy,and chemotherapy,fundamentally relies on mobilizing and enhancing the body's intrinsic immune system to achieve the precise targeting and elimination of neoplastic lesions.In this therapeutic framework,macrophages derived from blood monocyte differentiation serve as critical components of the innate immune defense system and exert profound impacts within the tumor microenvironment(TME).As the dominant inflammatory cell population infiltrating the TME,tumor-associated macrophages(TAMs)not only perform a key function in immune regulation but also serve as a paradigm for the connection between inflammation and tumors.Therapeutic strategies targeting TAMs aim to reverse the immunosuppressive milieu of the TME through multifaceted regulatory mechanisms,including cellular depletion or functional reprogramming,thereby effectively impeding tumor progression.This review systematically analyzes the intricate immune regulatory mechanisms of macrophages in tumor immunotherapy and synthesizes research advancements in major therapeutic agents targeting TAMs,aiming to provide researchers in the field of tumor immunotherapy and developers of macrophage-modulating pharmaceuticals with novel theoretical insights and practical guidelines.

Tumor immunotherapy,recognized as the fourth major treatment modality alongside surgery,radiotherapy,and chemotherapy,fundamentally relies on mobilizing and enhancing the body's intrinsic immune system to achieve the precise targeting and elimination of neoplastic lesions.In this therapeutic framework,macrophages derived from blood monocyte differentiation serve as critical components of the innate immune defense system and exert profound impacts within the tumor microenvironment(TME).As the dominant inflammatory cell population infiltrating the TME,tumor-associated macrophages(TAMs)not only perform a key function in immune regulation but also serve as a paradigm for the connection between inflammation and tumors.Therapeutic strategies targeting TAMs aim to reverse the immunosuppressive milieu of the TME through multifaceted regulatory mechanisms,including cellular depletion or functional reprogramming,thereby effectively impeding tumor progression.This review systematically analyzes the intricate immune regulatory mechanisms of macrophages in tumor immunotherapy and synthesizes research advancements in major therapeutic agents targeting TAMs,aiming to provide researchers in the field of tumor immunotherapy and developers of macrophage-modulating pharmaceuticals with novel theoretical insights and practical guidelines.

Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world, and its treatment strategy is mainly surgery combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, long-term chemotherapy will result in drug resistance, which is also one of the difficulties in the treatment of lung cancer. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent and lipid peroxidation-driven non-apoptotic cell death cascade, occurring when there is an imbalance of redox homeostasis in the cell. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is key for cellular antioxidant responses. Numerous studies suggest that Nrf2 assumes an extremely important role in regulation of ferroptosis, for its various functions in iron, lipid, and amino acid metabolism, and so on. In this review, a brief overview of the research progress of ferroptosis over the past decade will be presented. In particular, the mechanism of ferroptosis and the regulation of ferroptosis by Nrf2 will be discussed, as well as the role of the Nrf2 pathway and ferroptosis in tumor drug resistance, which will provide new research directions for the treatment of drug-resistant lung cancer patients.
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Humans ; Ferroptosis ; NF-E2-Related Factor 2/genetics* ; Lung Neoplasms/genetics* ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; Iron

ObjectiveTo investigate the risk factors of patients with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) complicated with Yangming Fushi syndrome.Methods A prospective study was conducted. From August 2009 to July 2013, 206 patients with Yangming Fushi syndrome combined with ALI/ARDS were enrolled in the intensive care units ( ICUs ) of the following five hospitals: Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine University, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, and Wuxi Third People's Hospital in Jiangsu Province. According to the mortality occurring in ICU, the patients were divided into death group and survival group. The gender, age, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ ( APACHE Ⅱ ) score within the first 24 hours after admission, the length of invasive mechanical ventilation, usage of vasoactive agents, ratio of operative intervention, the length of stay in ICU, application of continuous renal replacement therapy ( CRRT ), amount of blood transfusion, the level of C-reactive protein ( CRP ), lactulose/mannitol ( L/M ) ratio, the number of organs with dysfunction, oxygenation index ( PaO2/FiO2 ), levels of lactate and serum creatinine ( SCr ) of both groups were recorded. Logistic regression analysis was used to look for the independent risk factors of death of patients. Results There were 124 cases with severe acute pancreatitis ( SAP ), which was the most common disease with manifestation of Yangming Fushi syndrome combined with ALI/ARDS, accounting for 60.19% of all the patients. During the period of hospitalization in ICU, 171 patients survived and 35 died, and the mortality rate was 16.99%. The risk factors of the two groups were analyzed by variable analysis, and it was shown that compared with those in survival group, the age ( years: 57.26±16.23 vs. 48.07±13.48, t = 3.544, P = 0.000 ), APACHE Ⅱ score ( 20.83±9.73 vs. 12.61±6.63, t = 4.777, P = 0.000 ), the length of invasive mechanical ventilation ( days: 10.97±7.71 vs. 6.91±2.48, t = 2.555, P = 0.015 ) and the number of dysfunction organs ( 3.11±1.21 vs. 1.60±1.34, t = 6.222, P = 0.000 ) in death group were significantly higher. The level of PaO2/FiO2 [ mmHg ( 1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa ): 218.56±64.90 vs. 244.58±85.10, t = -2.024, P = 0.044 ] in the death group was significantly lower than that of the survival group, while the length of ICU stay ( days: 14.33±10.81 vs. 9.11±7.37, t = 2.600, P = 0.010 ), the usage rates of CRRT [ 28.57% ( 10/35 ) vs. 15.20% ( 26/171 ), χ2 = 3.968, P = 0.046 ], vasoactive agents [ 28.57% ( 10/35 ) vs. 12.28% ( 21/171 ), χ2 = 6.511, P = 0.011 ], and blood transfusion ratio [ 42.86% ( 15/35 ) vs. 23.39% ( 40/171 ), χ2 = 7.042, P = 0.008 ] were all obviously higher in the death group than those in the survival group. There were no statistically significant differences in gender, number of operation, the levels of CRP, L/M ratio, lactate and SCr between the two groups ( all P > 0.05 ). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age [ odds ratio ( OR ) = 0.938, 95% confidence interval ( 95%CI ) = 0.898-0.980, P = 0.004 ], APACHE Ⅱ score ( OR = 0.914, 95%CI = 0.839-0.996, P = 0.041 ), the number of dysfunction organs ≥ 3 ( OR = 0.223, 95%CI = 0.066-0.754, P = 0.016 ), and the level of PaO2/FiO2 ( OR = 0.990, 95%CI = 0.982-0.998, P = 0.015 ) were independent risk factors for mortality. Conclusions The age, APACHE Ⅱ score, number of dysfunction organs ≥ 3 and the level of PaO2/FiO2 are of significance in predicting the prognosis of patients with Yangming Fushi syndrome combined with ALI/ARDS. Patients with risk factors of high mortality should be more carefully monitored and treated aggressively.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between the intestinal motility alterations and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ( ICAM-1 ) expression within the rat intestinal muscularis after ischemia reperfusion. Methods Thirty Wistar rats were divided randomly into IIR, monoclanal anti-ICAM-1 and sham group (n = 10), HR models were established by clamping-releasing the superior mesenteric artery. Gut transit was measured in vivo and intestinal circular muscle contractions were measured in an organ bath. The expression of ICAM-1 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR and immunohistochemisty. Leukocyte infiltration and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were quantified in sham and ischemia/reperfusion rats with and without monoclonal anti-ICAM-1 antibody treatment. Results The gut transit of monoclonal anti-ICAM-1 group was improved obviously as compared with IIR group. Circular smooth muscle contractility stimulated by ICAM-1 mRNA expression was 1.69 ± 0. 57 and 1.76 ± 0. 32 within the muscularis; Leukocyte infiltration into the muscularis was (5.6 ±2. 2) c/f and ( 18. 2 ±3. 1 ) c/f. MPO activity was (2. 03 ±0. 56) U/g and (6. 41 ± 1.25 ) U/g respectively. The differences were all statistically significant between IIR and treatment groups ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). The expression of ICAM-1 protein in IIR and anti-ICAM-1 groups was not significantly different (P ＞ 0. 05). Conclusions The up-regulated expression of ICAM-1 after ⅡR injury calls forth local infiltration of PMN within the intestinal muscularis, leading to intestinal motility dysfunction.

Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of spinal cord injury(SCI)by transplantation cryopreserved neural stem ceils(NSCs).Methods 45 Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups.with 15 rats in each group.Transplantations were carried out two days after SCI,group A:0.9% saline water,group B:NSCs,group C:cryopreserved NSCs.After the transplantation,immunohistochemical and tissue incision were appeared to detect the survival and differentiation of the transplanted ceils in nivo,and the methods of BBB and oblique plate were used to estimate the recovery of function.Results Group B and C all had active NSCs except group A.The injuried spinal cord A[(3.9±0.1)mm2],B[(1.2±0.3)mm2]and C[(1.1±0.3)mm2],there was an variance in the three groups (F=423.949,P＜0.01),BBB test:group A[(2.0±0.5)mark],B[(16.4±0.8)mark]and C [(16.0±1.4)mark],there was an variance in the three groups(F=970.157,P＜0.01),the oblique plate test:group A[(31.3±2.9)degree],B[(46.8±2.1)degree]and C[(46.5.4-2.4)degree],there was an variance in the three groups(F=151.099,P＜0.01),the tests demonstrate there were no variance in group B and C(all P＞0.05),there was no variance in living rate between the cryopreserved NSCs group [(55.9±5.2)%]and no eryopreserved[(65.1±3.4)%,t=3.334,P＞0.05].Conclusions Cryopreserved NSCs keep the ability of reproducdon and differentiation.NSCs is a kind of valuable cell resource for the therapy of SCI.

Physiology runs through and reflects the perspectives materialist dialectics.The law of the unity of opposites,qualitative and quantitative changes,double negation have been reflected in the physiology and necessity and contingency,essence and phenomenon have been in contact with physiology.To combine physiology teaching with materialist dialectics used in practical teaching,enables students to learn,understand and master the physiological knowledge and cultivate their dialectical thinking ability.