Myopia has become a common eye disease in China and around the world. The myopia rate among children and adolescents in China has been continuously increasing, and it shows the characteristics of younger age and higher severity, seriously threatening eye health. According to recent studies, myopia is closely related to the axial length. During the progression of myopia, the excessively long axial length would lead to changes in ocular structure like the sclera, retina, and choroid, etc., thereby increasing the onset risk of diseases such as posterior staphyloma of the sclera and retinal detachment, and ultimately resulting in severe vision impairment. By reviewing the related literature at home and abroad in recent years, the paper systematically sorted out the relationship between the changes in axial length and fundus damage, deeply discussed the interacting mechanisms, aiming at providing reference for the prevention and treatment of myopia in children and adolescents, with the expectation of reducing the occurrence of complications of myopic fundus lesions, which has important practical significance for protecting the eye health of children and adolescents.

Objective:To observe the characteristics of gastrointestinal tract symptoms in patients with Parkinson′s disease (PD) and analyze the characteristics of these symptoms in patients with different PD subtypes.Methods:A total of 297 PD patients who were admitted to the Neurology Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from November 2022 to March 2024 were enrolled. The gastrointestinal symptoms of PD patients were evaluated using Drooling Severity and Frequency Scale (DSFS), Sialorrhea Clinical Scale for Parkinson′s disease (SCS-PD), Drooling Rating Scale (DRS), Eating Assessment Tool 10 (EAT-10), Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index (GCSI), and Rome Ⅳ diagnostic criteria. The patients were grouped based on the presence or absence of gastrointestinal symptoms. Additionally, they were stratified according to disease duration (≤2 years, 2-5 years, 5-10 years, and>10 years) and motor symptom subtype [tremor-dominant (TD) vs. postural instability and gait difficulty (PIGD)]. One-way ANOVA and logistic regression analysis were applied to examine between-group differences while Spearman correlation analysis was employed to assess correlations between clinical symptoms.Results:The average age of the patients with PD was 67.0 (60.0, 72.0) years, and 161 (54.2%) were male. The incidence of PD combined with gastrointestinal symptoms was, in descending order: constipation (191, 64.3%), salivation (155, 52.2%), gastroparesis (93, 31.3%), and dysphagia (68, 22.9%). Compared with PD patients without gastrointestinal symptoms, those with symptoms had higher scores in the RBD-HK [12.0 (5.0, 21.5) vs. 5.0 (0.0, 9.0), Z=-3.74, P=0.017], ESS [6.0 (2.0, 12.0) vs. 3.0 (0.0, 6.0), Z=-3.20, P=0.023], and MDS-UPDRS Part Ⅰ [9.0 (5.0, 14.0) vs. 5.0 (2.3, 9.0), Z=-3.61, P=0.014]. The severity of sialorrhea and deglutition disorders, along with the incidence of constipation, all increased with longer disease duration. Patients with the PIGD subtype had higher GCSI scores than those with the TD subtype [0.0 (0.0, 1.9) vs. 0.0 (0.0, 0.0), Z=-3.57, P=0.007]. Across the cohort, sialorrhea, deglutition disorders, gastroparesis, and constipation were positively associated with the H-Y stage, MDS-UPDRS Ⅰ, HAMD, NMSQ, and SCOPA-AUT; EAT-10 scores were negatively correlated with MoCA ( r=-0.171, P<0.05); and GCSI scores were negatively correlated with MMSE and MoCA ( r=-0.154, r=-0.169, both P<0.05). Conclusions:Overall, 84.5% of the patients with PD had one or more gastrointestinal symptoms, and the incidence and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms increased with disease duration. The severity of gastroparesis was higher in the PIGD group than in the TD group. The scores of all gastrointestinal symptoms were positively correlated with the H-Y stage and MDS-UPDRS Ⅰ, while the GCSI scores were negatively correlated with the cognitive scores.

Objective:To observe the characteristics of gastrointestinal tract symptoms in patients with Parkinson′s disease (PD) and analyze the characteristics of these symptoms in patients with different PD subtypes.Methods:A total of 297 PD patients who were admitted to the Neurology Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from November 2022 to March 2024 were enrolled. The gastrointestinal symptoms of PD patients were evaluated using Drooling Severity and Frequency Scale (DSFS), Sialorrhea Clinical Scale for Parkinson′s disease (SCS-PD), Drooling Rating Scale (DRS), Eating Assessment Tool 10 (EAT-10), Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index (GCSI), and Rome Ⅳ diagnostic criteria. The patients were grouped based on the presence or absence of gastrointestinal symptoms. Additionally, they were stratified according to disease duration (≤2 years, 2-5 years, 5-10 years, and>10 years) and motor symptom subtype [tremor-dominant (TD) vs. postural instability and gait difficulty (PIGD)]. One-way ANOVA and logistic regression analysis were applied to examine between-group differences while Spearman correlation analysis was employed to assess correlations between clinical symptoms.Results:The average age of the patients with PD was 67.0 (60.0, 72.0) years, and 161 (54.2%) were male. The incidence of PD combined with gastrointestinal symptoms was, in descending order: constipation (191, 64.3%), salivation (155, 52.2%), gastroparesis (93, 31.3%), and dysphagia (68, 22.9%). Compared with PD patients without gastrointestinal symptoms, those with symptoms had higher scores in the RBD-HK [12.0 (5.0, 21.5) vs. 5.0 (0.0, 9.0), Z=-3.74, P=0.017], ESS [6.0 (2.0, 12.0) vs. 3.0 (0.0, 6.0), Z=-3.20, P=0.023], and MDS-UPDRS Part Ⅰ [9.0 (5.0, 14.0) vs. 5.0 (2.3, 9.0), Z=-3.61, P=0.014]. The severity of sialorrhea and deglutition disorders, along with the incidence of constipation, all increased with longer disease duration. Patients with the PIGD subtype had higher GCSI scores than those with the TD subtype [0.0 (0.0, 1.9) vs. 0.0 (0.0, 0.0), Z=-3.57, P=0.007]. Across the cohort, sialorrhea, deglutition disorders, gastroparesis, and constipation were positively associated with the H-Y stage, MDS-UPDRS Ⅰ, HAMD, NMSQ, and SCOPA-AUT; EAT-10 scores were negatively correlated with MoCA ( r=-0.171, P<0.05); and GCSI scores were negatively correlated with MMSE and MoCA ( r=-0.154, r=-0.169, both P<0.05). Conclusions:Overall, 84.5% of the patients with PD had one or more gastrointestinal symptoms, and the incidence and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms increased with disease duration. The severity of gastroparesis was higher in the PIGD group than in the TD group. The scores of all gastrointestinal symptoms were positively correlated with the H-Y stage and MDS-UPDRS Ⅰ, while the GCSI scores were negatively correlated with the cognitive scores.

Objective To investigate the colonization of Gram-negative bacilli carrying mcr-1 gene in intestinal tracts of inpatients and people having physical examination for further elucidating the molecular and epidemiological features of mcr-1 gene. Methods A total of 1263 and 750 fecal specimens were col-lected from inpatients in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and people having physical examination in the Kingmed Physical Examination Centre, respectively. Drug-resistant bacteria were isolated using Maconkey agar supplemented with colistin. PCR was performed to detect the bacteria carrying mcr-1 gene. Multilocus sequence typing ( MLST) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR ( ERIC-PCR) were used for homology analysis. The transferability of mcr-1 gene was verified by plasmid transfer assays. Plasmids of mcr-1-carrying strains were typed by PCR-based replicon typing techniques. Twelve virulence-related genes were also detected by PCR. Results Ninety-two colistin-resistant strains were isolated from the 1263 samples from inpatients(7. 3％, 92/1263) and two of them were positive for mcr-1 gene ( one strain also carried the blaNDM-5 gene) . Thirty-six colistin-resistant strains were isolated from the 750 samples of physical examination group (4. 8％, 36/750) and one of them carried the mcr-1 gene. MLST analysis showed that three mcr-1-carrying Escherichia coli strains ( minimum inhibitory concentration of colistin:8 μg/ml) belonged to three different sequence types. Moreover, they exhibited different banding patterns in ERIC-PCR analysis. All of the mcr-1-carrying isolates could transfer mcr-1 gene to the recipient strains successfully. Six types of incompatibility plasmids were detected in the mcr-1-carrying isolates ( IncFⅡ, IncX2, IncHI2, IncFIB, IncX4 and IncX1). Virulence-related genes fimH, iutA and fyuA were detec-ted in all mcr-1-carrying Escherichia coli strains. Conclusions Colistin-resistant strains and mcr-1 gene are prevalent in inpatients and people having physical examination, which brings potential risk for the control of clinical infections.