Objective: To analyze the process of handling a pulmonary tuberculosis(TB) outbreak among senior high school students in a boarding school in Chongqing, as well as to investigate the underlying causes of the outbreak, so as to provide evidence to inform TB prevention and control strategies in school settings. Methods: From November 2023 to April 2024, an epidemiological investigation was conducted into the TB outbreak in a grade 12 class from a boarding high school. Suspected cases were screened using symptom screening, tuberculin skin test (TST), and chest X-ray examinations. Confirmed cases underwent individual epidemiological interviews and sputum culture; Cultured positive mycobacterial strains were subjected to whole genome sequencing after identification as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Results: A total of 10 active pulmonary TB cases were identified, all from the same class, yielding a student attack rate of 16.67%. Three isolates were culture positive, as well as all strains were of L2 type，and the WGS analysis of the strains suggested a common transmission chain. Excluding the index case, four additional cases were detected through symptom driven health care visits. Notably, 70% of patients presented with "chest tightness and chest pain" symptoms, and 50% had "cough" symptoms,but none were detected during morning health checks or tracking of absences due to illness. A total of 326 contacts were identified and underwent three rounds of screening and one follow up examination. In the initial screening, 35 close contacts from the same class showed strong TST positivity, corresponding to a strong positivity rate of 55.56%, significantly higher than the 20.76% observed among casual contacts ( χ 2=29.80, P <0.01). Among the 35 strongly TST positivvity close contacts and five individuals with moderate TST positivity whose induration had increased by ≥10 mm over two years, none received timely preventive treatment initially; five of them were subsequently diagnosed with active TB within three months. Following this, 25 individuals initiated preventive therapy, resulting in a preventive treatment initiation rate of 62.50%. Among TST negative classmates who converted to strong positivity on repeat TST testing at three months, 75.00% started preventive treatment, but only 22.22% completed the full course. Conclusion Inadequate implementation of morning health checks and cause tracking for absenteeism due to illness, poorly standardized screening procedures, and delayed preventive treatment may have been key factors contributing to the spread of the outbreak.

Objective: To delineate the epidemiologic profile of rifampicin resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (RR-PTB) among students in Chongqing, so as to provide evidence for effectively controlling RR-PTB outbreaks in schools. Methods: Individual level surveillance records of 395 student RR-PTB cases reported from 2015 to 2024 were extracted from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. The Joinpoint regression analysis was employed to quantify temporal trends in the registration rate of student RR-PTB cases, and the comparison of RR-PTB registration rates with different demographic characteristics and different regions was performed using Chi-square test. Results: From 2015 to 2024, a total of 395 student RR-PTB cases were identified, with the registration rate ranged from 0.07 per 100 000 to 1.47 per 100 000, showed a fluctuating upward trend ( AAPC= 35.22%, t =4.13, P <0.01). A turning point was detected in 2017, rates rose during 2015-2017 (APC=295.23%， t =4.62， P < 0.01 ) and plateaued thereafter (APC=-0.47%， t =-0.12， P =0.91). The proportion of RR-PTB cases occurring among students increased both among all RR-PTB cases (1.54% in 2015, 7.48% in 2024) and all student pulmonary tuberculosis cases (0.20% in 2015, 7.17% in 2024), with significant linear trends ( χ 2 trend =33.55,159.98, both P <0.01). The majority of cases were enrolled in senior high school (50.38%), classified as retreatment (53.92%), of Han ethnicity (75.95%), and diagnosed with multidrug resistant tuberculosis(53.16%). There were significant differences in the composition of different ethnicity, registration category and resistance pattern between different years( χ 2=23.47, 17.23, 59.64，all P <0.05). The South-Eastern Wuling Mountainous Region exhibited the highest notification rate (3.96 per 100 000), whereas the western region had the lowest rate ( 0.47 per 100 000). County level jurisdictions reported higher rates than district level ones (2.16 per 100 000 vs 0.63 per 100 000 ). Statistically significant differences were observed in the RR-PTB reported rates among students across different districts and counties( χ 2=418.05,167.05,both P <0.01). Conclusions From 2015 to 2024, the registration rate of detected student RR-PTB cases in Chongqing showed an increasing trend. Students have become one of the key populations for drug resistant TB prevention and control. Intensified health education and active case finding should be implemented to enhance proactive surveillance capabilities.

Immune-related kidney disease is one of the causes of end-stage renal disease and an important disease type that threatens public health. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor activated by bile acids, involved in regulating gene expression related to bile acid, lipid, and glucose metabolism. In recent years, the role of FXR in renal immune regulation has received attention. FXR participates in the occurrence and development of immune-related kidney diseases by regulating the differentiation, polarization, activation, recruitment, adhesion, infiltration, and cytokine release of immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes. This article reviews renal immune-regulatory mechanisms of FXR in recent years and its potential role in immune-related kidney diseases, to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of immune-related kidney diseases targeting FXR.

Objective To optimize the processing technology of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.Methods On the basis of single factor experiment,the ratio of material to liquid,frying temperature and frying time were taken as the influencing factors,and the comprehensive scores of appearance traits,curculigoside,orcinol glucoside and orcinol gentiobioside were taken as the evaluation indexes.The optimal processing technology was optimized by Box-Behnken response surface method combined with analytic hierarchy process,and the process verification was carried out.Results The optimal process was as follows:the raw C.orchioides pieces were mixed with the same amount of Evodia rutaecarpa juice,placed in a closed container,moistened until the juice was completely absorbed,stir-fried at 130 ℃ for 6 min,taken out and dried at 60 ℃.For each 100 kg of Curculigo,10 kg of Evodia rutaecarpa was used.Evodia rutaecarpa juice preparation method:10 kg of Evodia rutaecarpa was soaked in 12 times the amount of water for 60 min,decocted for 50 min,extracted for 3 times,combined with the filtrate,and concentrated to 100 kg to obtain Evodia rutaecarpa juice.Conclusion The optimal processing technology of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.is stable and feasible.

Chronic kidney disease(CKD)is a chronic renal structural and functional disorder caused by multiple causes(history of kidney injury>3 months),with complex etiology and high inci-dence,which will eventually lead to end-stage re-nal disease(ESRD).Common chronic kidney diseas-es include diabetic nephropathy,polycystic ne-phropathy,nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and re-nal fibrosis.At present,there is still a lack of effec-tive specific treatment for chronic kidney disease.The Apelin system is an endogenous physiological regulator.Studies have shown that Apelin is in-volved in the occurrence and development of the above diseases mainly through the regulation of kidney body fluids and blood vessels,and the regu-lation of kidney glucose and lipid metabolism and immunity.This article aims to review the role of Apelin in chronic kidney diseases in recent years,and provide ideas for the treatment and drug de-velopment of kidney diseases with Apelin as a new target.

Chronic kidney disease(CKD)is a chronic renal structural and functional disorder caused by multiple causes(history of kidney injury>3 months),with complex etiology and high inci-dence,which will eventually lead to end-stage re-nal disease(ESRD).Common chronic kidney diseas-es include diabetic nephropathy,polycystic ne-phropathy,nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and re-nal fibrosis.At present,there is still a lack of effec-tive specific treatment for chronic kidney disease.The Apelin system is an endogenous physiological regulator.Studies have shown that Apelin is in-volved in the occurrence and development of the above diseases mainly through the regulation of kidney body fluids and blood vessels,and the regu-lation of kidney glucose and lipid metabolism and immunity.This article aims to review the role of Apelin in chronic kidney diseases in recent years,and provide ideas for the treatment and drug de-velopment of kidney diseases with Apelin as a new target.

Objective To optimize the processing technology of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.Methods On the basis of single factor experiment,the ratio of material to liquid,frying temperature and frying time were taken as the influencing factors,and the comprehensive scores of appearance traits,curculigoside,orcinol glucoside and orcinol gentiobioside were taken as the evaluation indexes.The optimal processing technology was optimized by Box-Behnken response surface method combined with analytic hierarchy process,and the process verification was carried out.Results The optimal process was as follows:the raw C.orchioides pieces were mixed with the same amount of Evodia rutaecarpa juice,placed in a closed container,moistened until the juice was completely absorbed,stir-fried at 130 ℃ for 6 min,taken out and dried at 60 ℃.For each 100 kg of Curculigo,10 kg of Evodia rutaecarpa was used.Evodia rutaecarpa juice preparation method:10 kg of Evodia rutaecarpa was soaked in 12 times the amount of water for 60 min,decocted for 50 min,extracted for 3 times,combined with the filtrate,and concentrated to 100 kg to obtain Evodia rutaecarpa juice.Conclusion The optimal processing technology of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.is stable and feasible.

Immune-related kidney disease is one of the causes of end-stage renal disease and an important disease type that threatens public health. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor activated by bile acids, involved in regulating gene expression related to bile acid, lipid, and glucose metabolism. In recent years, the role of FXR in renal immune regulation has received attention. FXR participates in the occurrence and development of immune-related kidney diseases by regulating the differentiation, polarization, activation, recruitment, adhesion, infiltration, and cytokine release of immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes. This article reviews renal immune-regulatory mechanisms of FXR in recent years and its potential role in immune-related kidney diseases, to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of immune-related kidney diseases targeting FXR.

Objective: To construct and validate a prognosis model related to ferroptosis in urinary tract tumors using bioinformatics methods. Methods: RNA-seq and clinical data from TCGA′s BLCA and KIRC datasets were analyzed to establish the prognostic model, and then were validated using ICGC and GEO data. Prognostic genes associated with ferroptosis were identified through univariate Cox, LASSO-Cox, and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Co-expression and protein-protein interaction(PPI) network analyses determined the relationships among these genes. Immune infiltration analysis explored the association between ferroptosis-related prognostic genes and the immune microenvironment. Functional enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes between high and low-risk groups in BLCA and KIRC prognostic models was conducted to investigate potential mechanisms by which ferroptosis-related genes regulate BLCA and KIRC prognosis. Results: Significant prognostic gene signatures associated with ferroptosis were identified in BLCA and KIRC. For BLCA, the genes EGR1, ZEB1, P4HB, WWTR1, JUN, CDO1,SCD,SREBF1,CAV1, and GALNT14 were significant. For KIRC, the genes ASMTL-AS1, CHAC1,MT1G, RRM2, TIMP1, DPEP1, GLRX5, and NDRG1 were significant. Ferroptosis-related miRNAs linked to the prognosis of both cancers were also identified. The constructed risk models based on these genes and miRNAs predicted patient prognosis in TCGA-BLCA and KIRC, with low-risk groups showing significantly higher overall survival(P<0.05). The hazard ratios for these models ranged from 2.54(95%CI: 1.73-3.74) to 4.74(95%CI: 3.47-6.47), with AUC values above 0.60. Co-expression analysis and PPI networks revealed high correlation levels between JUN and EGR1 in BLAC and between SCD and SREBF1. Immune infiltration analysis indicated positive correlations between EGR1, CAV1, JUN, and immune scores, while SREBF1 showed a negative correlation. Conclusion The prognosis model based on ferroptosis-related genes effectively predicts patient outcomes in BLCA and KIRC. This model can serve as a reference for targeting ferroptosis to assess the prognosis of BLCA and KIRC patients.

OBJECTIVE To optimize ethanol extraction process of Yihuang powder. METHODS An orthogonal experiment was designed by reflux extraction with ethanol volume fraction， liquid-to-material ratio， and extraction time as investigation factors. The parameters used were the contents of hesperidin， nobiletin， tangeretin， gallic acid， chebulagic acid， chebulinic acid， liquiritin， glycyrrhizin， eugenol， and the paste-forming rate. The analytic hierarchy process （AHP） was used to calculate the comprehensive score. The optimal ethanol extraction process parameters of Yihuang powder were determined by verifying the results predicted by orthogonal experiment and genetic algorithm （GA）-back propagation neural network （BP neural network）. RESULTS The optimal ethanol extraction process parameters， as optimized by orthogonal experiment， were as follows: ethanol volume fraction of 60%， liquid-solid ratio of 14∶1 （mL/g)， extraction time of 90 min， and extraction for 2 times. The comprehensive score obtained by verification was 79.19. Meanwhile， the optimal ethanol extraction process parameters， optimized by GA-BP neural network， were ethanol volume fraction of 65%， liquid-solid ratio of 14∶1 （mL/g )， extraction time of 60 min， and extraction for 2 times. The comprehensive score obtained by verification was 85.30， higher than the results obtained from orthogonal experiment. CONCLUSIONS The optimization method of orthogonal experiment combined with GA-BP neural network is superior to the traditional orthogonal experiment optimization method. The optimized ethanol extraction process of Yihuang powder is stable and reliable.