Evading host immunity killing is a critical step for virus survival. Inhibiting viral immune escape is crucial for the treatment of viral diseases. Serine/threonine kinase 39 (STK39) was reported to play an essential role in ion homeostasis. However, its potential role and mechanism in viral infection remain unknown. In this study, we found that viral infection promoted STK39 expression. Consequently, overexpressed STK39 inhibited the phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and the production of type I interferon, which led to viral replication and immune escape. Genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of STK39 significantly protected mice from viral infection. Mechanistically, mass spectrometry and immunoprecipitation assays identified that STK39 interacted with PPP2R1A (a scaffold subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A)) in a kinase activity-dependent manner. This interaction inhibited DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 1 (DCAF1)-mediated PPP2R1A degradation, maintained the stabilization and phosphatase activity of PP2A, which, in turn, suppressed the phosphorylation of IRF3, decreased the production of type I interferon, and then strengthened viral replication. Thus, our study provides a novel theoretical basis for viral immune escape, and STK39 may be a potential therapeutic target for viral infectious diseases.

Cemental tear is a rare and indetectable condition unless obvious clinical signs present with the involvement of surrounding periodontal and periapical tissues. Due to its clinical manifestations similar to common dental issues, such as vertical root fracture, primary endodontic diseases, and periodontal diseases, as well as the low awareness of cemental tear for clinicians, misdiagnosis often occurs. The critical principle for cemental tear treatment is to remove torn fragments, and overlooking fragments leads to futile therapy, which could deteriorate the conditions of the affected teeth. Therefore, accurate diagnosis and subsequent appropriate interventions are vital for managing cemental tear. Novel diagnostic tools, including cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), microscopes, and enamel matrix derivatives, have improved early detection and management, enhancing tooth retention. The implementation of standardized diagnostic criteria and treatment protocols, combined with improved clinical awareness among dental professionals, serves to mitigate risks of diagnostic errors and suboptimal therapeutic interventions. This expert consensus reviewed the epidemiology, pathogenesis, potential predisposing factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of cemental tear, aiming to provide a clinical guideline and facilitate clinicians to have a better understanding of cemental tear.
Humans ; Dental Cementum/injuries* ; Consensus ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Tooth Fractures/therapy*

Objective:To conduct a visual analysis of the related literature on hydrogel materials that promote wound healing, and to explore the research status, hotspots and future development trends in this field, in order to provide a reference for future research and development.Methods:The Web of Science Core Collection database was searched to obtain relevant literature on the promotion of wound healing by hydrogel materials from January 1, 2010 to October 1, 2023. Bibliometrics method were used to integrate the year, author, publication, number of national and institutional publications, cumulative citation and co-citation frequency and key words of the included literatures. VOSviewer 1.6.19 and CiteSpace 6.2.R4 were used for the literature’s visualization analysis and mapping.Results:A total of 3 863 literatures were included, involving 18 921 authors, and the number of publications in this field showed a significant increasing trend from 2010 to 2023. Zhao YJ, the researcher with the most publications, published 38 articles. There were 557 journals that had collected relevant literatures, and the International Journal of Biological Macromolecules had published the most literature, with a total of 286 publications. A total of 92 countries and 3 307 institutions had conducted research in related fields, with China publishing the most papers. Research institutions mainly come from China and the United States. The literature with the highest cumulative citation frequency was "Alginate: properties and biomedical applications", which reached 4 737 times. The highest cumulative co-citation frequency was the literature published by Qu J, et al in 2018, with a total of 404 times. Keyword co-occurrence, clustering, time line and emergence analysis showed that the early research in this field mainly focused on the process of wound healing and the cellular mechanism at the molecular level, and later gradually focused on the development of precise controlled release function of nanoparticles and antibacterial compounds in hydrogel scaffolds. Conclusion:Research on the application of hydrogel materials in wound healing is attracting increasing international attention. According to the changes of hot words, the future research trend in this field is to develop intelligent hydrogels with regulatory capabilities, wound monitoring, controlled drug delivery and diversified functions.

Objective:To conduct a visual analysis of the related literature on hydrogel materials that promote wound healing, and to explore the research status, hotspots and future development trends in this field, in order to provide a reference for future research and development.Methods:The Web of Science Core Collection database was searched to obtain relevant literature on the promotion of wound healing by hydrogel materials from January 1, 2010 to October 1, 2023. Bibliometrics method were used to integrate the year, author, publication, number of national and institutional publications, cumulative citation and co-citation frequency and key words of the included literatures. VOSviewer 1.6.19 and CiteSpace 6.2.R4 were used for the literature’s visualization analysis and mapping.Results:A total of 3 863 literatures were included, involving 18 921 authors, and the number of publications in this field showed a significant increasing trend from 2010 to 2023. Zhao YJ, the researcher with the most publications, published 38 articles. There were 557 journals that had collected relevant literatures, and the International Journal of Biological Macromolecules had published the most literature, with a total of 286 publications. A total of 92 countries and 3 307 institutions had conducted research in related fields, with China publishing the most papers. Research institutions mainly come from China and the United States. The literature with the highest cumulative citation frequency was "Alginate: properties and biomedical applications", which reached 4 737 times. The highest cumulative co-citation frequency was the literature published by Qu J, et al in 2018, with a total of 404 times. Keyword co-occurrence, clustering, time line and emergence analysis showed that the early research in this field mainly focused on the process of wound healing and the cellular mechanism at the molecular level, and later gradually focused on the development of precise controlled release function of nanoparticles and antibacterial compounds in hydrogel scaffolds. Conclusion:Research on the application of hydrogel materials in wound healing is attracting increasing international attention. According to the changes of hot words, the future research trend in this field is to develop intelligent hydrogels with regulatory capabilities, wound monitoring, controlled drug delivery and diversified functions.

Prone position ventilation(PPV)is an essential therapeutic intervention for patients with refractory hypoxemic respiratory failure.The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has further elevated the significance of PPV in clinical practice.Early enteral nutrition(EN)is considered a crucial measure for improving outcomes in critically ill patients.However,there remains considerable controversy regarding the implementation of EN during PPV.This review summarizes the research progress on the tolerance and safety of EN during PPV before and after the COVID-19 outbreak.It also highlights key strategies to enhance EN tolerance in prone-positioned patients,providing a clinical reference for improving patient management.

Chemical cleaning and disinfection are crucial steps for eliminating infection in root canal treatment.However,irrigant selection or irrigation procedures are far from clear.The vapor lock effect in the apical region has yet to be solved,impeding irrigation efficacy and resulting in residual infections and compromised treatment outcomes.Additionally,ambiguous clinical indications for root canal medication and non-standardized dressing protocols must be clarified.Inappropriate intracanal medication may present side effects and jeopardize the therapeutic outcomes.Indeed,clinicians have been aware of these concerns for years.Based on the current evidence of studies,this article reviews the properties of various irrigants and intracanal medicaments and elucidates their effectiveness and interactions.The evolution of different kinetic irrigation methods,their effects,limitations,the paradigm shift,current indications,and effective operational procedures regarding intracanal medication are also discussed.This expert consensus aims to establish the clinical operation guidelines for root canal irrigation and a position statement on intracanal medication,thus facilitating a better understanding of infection control,standardizing clinical practice,and ultimately improving the success of endodontic therapy.

ObjectiveTo observe the effects of the South African herb Hoodia gordonii （HG） on glucolipid metabolism in diabetic db/db mice and explore the possible mechanisms of HG on the liver of db/db mice based on the phosphoinositide-3 kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt）/factor forkhead protein O1 （FoxO1） signaling pathway. MethodA total of 30 db/db mice were randomly divided into five groups according to fasting blood glucose： model group， metformin group （0.195 g·kg^-1）， and low dose （0.39 g·kg^-1）， medium dose （0.78 g·kg^-1）， and high dose （1.56 g·kg^-1） HG groups， with six m/m mice in each group， and another six m/m mice were set as normal group. The mice in the normal and model groups were given saline of 9 mL·kg^-1 by gavage. Body weight， water intake， and fasting blood glucose of the mice in each group were measured weekly. After six weeks of continuous administration， serum insulin （FINS）， low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL）， total cholesterol （TC）， triglyceride （TG）， alanine aminotransferase （ALT）， aspartate aminotransferase （AST）， urea， and creatinine （CREA） were measured， and liver sections were embedded and stained with hematoxylin-eosin （HE）， periodic acid-Schiff （PAS）， and oil red O. Protein expression of PI3K p85， p-Akt， and p-FoxO1 in liver was detected by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA expression of PI3K， Akt， and FoxO1 in liver tissue was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）. ResultAfter six weeks of administration intervention， it was found that fasting blood glucose was significantly downregulated in mice in the three HG groups （P<0.05）. The level of islet resistance index was significantly reduced in both the low and medium dose HG groups （P<0.05）. The expression levels of TC， TG， and LDL were reduced in all HG groups （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Pathologically， HG could alleviate hepatocyte steatosis， reduce the volume and content of lipid droplets in liver， and increase the distribution of glycogen granules in liver to some extent in mice. Immunohistochemical assays revealed that PI3K p85 protein expression was significantly increased in the low， medium， and high dose HG groups compared with the model group （P<0.01）. p-Akt protein expression was significantly increased in the medium and high dose HG groups （P<0.05， P<0.01）. p-FoxO1 protein expression was significantly increased in the low， medium， and high dose HG groups （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， PI3K mRNA was increased in low dose， medium dose， and high dose HG groups （P<0.05）， and Akt mRNA was increased in high dose HG group （P<0.05）. FoxO1 mRNA was decreased in low dose， medium dose， and high dose HG groups （P<0.05）. ConclusionHG can ameliorate the disorder of glucolipid metabolism in db/db mice， which may be related to its activation of the hepatic PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 signaling pathway.

Objective     To systematically evaluate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous closure of atrial septal defect (ASD) guided by echocardiography alone versus fluoroscopy. Methods     The databases of PubMed, The Cochrane Library, EMbase, VIP, Wanfang Data and CNKI from January 2000 to October 2021 were searched by computer for relevant research literature. Two reviewers independently screened the literature, extracted the data and evaluated the quality according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4 software. Results     A total of 19 cohort studies and 1 randomized controlled study were collected, including 2 825 patients. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale score for cohort studies was≥7 points. Meta-analysis showed that there was no statistical difference in the operative success rate (RR=1.01, 95%CI 1.00 to 1.02, P=0.17), incidence of occluder displacement/shedding (RR=0.77, 95%CI 0.26 to 2.27, P=0.63), incidence of arrhythmia (RR=0.50, 95%CI 0.21 to 1.14, P=0.10), incidence of pericardial effusion (RR=0.98, 95%CI 0.32 to 2.98, P=0.97), operative time (MD=–0.23, 95%CI –7.56 to 7.10, P=0.95) or cost (SMD=–0.39, 95%CI –1.09 to 0.30, P=0.27) between the two groups. The echocardiography group reduced the incidence of total postoperative complications (RR=0.42, 95%CI 0.30 to 0.60, P<0.001) and residual shunt (RR=0.70, 95%CI 0.50 to 0.98, P=0.04), and shortened length of hospital stay (MD=–0.43, 95%CI –0.77 to 0.09, P=0.01). Conclusion     Compared with traditional fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous closure of ASD, echocardiography guidance alone is equivalent in terms of operative success rate, major postoperative complications, operative time and total cost, but it reduces the incidence of total postoperative complications and residual shunt, and has a shorter length of hospital stay.

Objective:To investigate the application value of ROX index in evaluating the effect of high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy (HFNC) on patients diagnosed with respiratory failure, and to find a simpler and more effective method to observe the efficacy of HFNC.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted. Patients who were admitted to department of critical care medicine of the Tianjin Third Central Hospital from April 2020 to August 2022, diagnosed with type Ⅰ respiratory failure, and treated with HFNC after failure of conventional oxygen therapy were enrolled. Oxygenation index (PaO 2/FiO 2), fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO 2), gas flow rate at the initial time of admission, and pulse oxygen saturation (SpO 2), FiO 2 and respiratory rate (RR) at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours of HFNC were collected, and ROX index was calculated. The patients with symptoms and PaO 2/FiO 2 improved after HFNC treatment and without higher respiratory support lately were defined as HFNC success, while other patients with symptoms worsening and needing follow-up non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) or invasive positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) were defined as HFNC failure. The tendency of changes in the ROX index at each time point was observed. Receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve) was plotted to obtain the optimum cut-off value of ROX index for predicting HFNC outcome and the optimal monitoring time point for HFNC. Results:A total of 142 patients were eventually enrolled, among whom 96 patients (67.61%) were in treated with HFNC successfully, while 46 patients (32.39%) were recorded as HFNC failure (39 patients and 7 patients received NIPPV or IPPV, respectively), with an overall intubation rate of 4.93% (7/142). Compared with the HFNC success group, the HFNC failure group had lower PaO 2/FiO 2 [mmHg (1 mmHg ≈ 0.133 kPa): 208.8±37.3 vs. 235.7±48.3, P < 0.01] and higher initial gas flow rate (L/min: 46.4±3.9 vs. 42.3±4.9, P < 0.01). However, there was no significant difference in gender, age, primary diagnosis, severity of disease, hemoglobin (Hb), C-reactive protein (CRP), and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) between the two groups. In the HFNC failure group, there were 12 patients (26.09%) received progressive oxygen therapy within 12 hours of HFNC, of which 3 patients (6.52%) occurred within 6 hours, while the other 9 patients (19.57%) occurred after 6 hours. The initial ROX index was not statistically significant between the two groups. Both groups showed a continuous increasing ROX index with longer treatment duration of HFNC, and the ROX index at all of the time points of the HFNC failure group was significantly lower than that of the HFNC success group with statistically significant difference (2 hours: 9.39±2.85 vs. 10.91±3.51, 4 hours: 8.62±2.29 vs. 11.40±3.18, 6 hours: 7.62±1.65 vs. 11.85±3.45, 8 hours: 7.79±1.59 vs. 11.62±3.10, 10 hours: 7.97±1.62 vs. 12.44±2.75, 12 hours: 8.84±2.51 vs. 12.45±3.03, all P < 0.05). The ROC curve analysis showed that the areas under the ROC curve (AUC) of ROX index assessing the effect of HFNC at the time of treating 6, 8 and 10 hours were better than 2, 4 and 12 hours (0.890, 0.903, 0.930 vs. 0.585, 0.738 and 0.829), indicating that the ROX index could determine the efficacy at the early stage of HFNC (within 6 hours). When the optimum cut-off value of ROX index was 8.78, the sensitivity was 90.6%, and the specificity was 76.5%. Conclusion:The ROX index at 6 hours of HFNC has a certain predictive value for the efficacy of HFNC with an optimum cut-off value of 8.78, which can provide clinical health care personnel a method for observing the efficacy of HFNC, and guide the correct selection of oxygen therapy modality at an early stage and timely adjustment of oxygen therapy strategy.

Objective:To develop an online interactive cytopathological training program, and to evaluate it for improving the cytopathological diagnostic ability of endoscopists in endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) of pancreas.Methods:A total of 5 500 cytopathological images were collected from 194 patients with pancreatic solid mass who underwent EUS-FNA in Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital from August 2018 to August 2019. The cell type in each cytopathological picture was labeled by senior cellular pathologists, which was used to build a learning and testing platform for online interactive cytopathological training. Five endoscopists without cytopathological background were invited to participate in this training. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of endoscopists in differential diagnosis of cancer and non-cancer before and after training were compared to evaluate the effect of the online interactive cytopathological training program on improving the ability of endoscopists in diagnosis of cytopathology.Results:A cytopathological training platform for endoscopists to learn and take online test was successfully built. Before training, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of diagnosis of cancer and non-cancer for endoscopists were 0.55 (95% CI: 0.53-0.58), 0.32 (95% CI: 0.30-0.35), 0.43 (95% CI: 0.41-0.45), 0.44 (95% CI: 0.41-0.47) and 0.43 (95% CI: 0.42-0.45), respectively. After training, the above indicators were 0.96 (95% CI: 0.95-0.97), 0.70 (95% CI: 0.68-0.73), 0.74 (95% CI: 0.72-0.76), 0.95 (95% CI: 0.94-0.96) and 0.81 (95% CI: 0.80-0.83), respectively, which were significantly improved compared with those before ( P<0.001). Conclusion:The online interactive cytopathological training program can improve the understanding and diagnostic ability of endoscopists in pancreatic cytopathology, help to implement rapid on-site evaluation in the process of EUS-FNA, and improve the diagnostic efficiency of EUS-FNA.