AIM:To observe the morphological and structural changes of foveal cone photoreceptors in patients with age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy(AOSLO)and to evaluate its application value in ARMD.METHODS:This was a retrospective cross-sectional study. Patients with ARMD who visited the Department of Ophthalmology, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, and underwent AOSLO examination between September 2025 and October 2025 were enrolled as the experimental group(ARMD group). Age-matched individuals who underwent AOSLO examination during the same period and had either age-related cataract or pseudophakia with a normal macular region were selected as the control group(CON group). The AOSLO device was used to image a 2.4°×2.4° area of the fovea, and parameters including parafoveal cone photoreceptor density(PCPD), average inter-cell spacing, cell dispersion, and cell regularity were analyzed.RESULTS:A total of 53 participants(66 eyes)were included, comprising 24 patients(33 eyes)in the ARMD group [comprising 6 participants(6 eyes)in the intermediate ARMD group and 22 participants(27 eyes)in the late ARMD group(4 participants had one eye in the intermediate group and the other in the late ARMD group)], and 29 participants(33 eyes)in the CON group. The ARMD group included 13 males and 11 females, with a mean age of 69.36±9.79 y. The control group included 17 males and 12 females, with a mean age of 64.64±10.31 y. Compared to the CON group, the ARMD group exhibited significantly lower PCPD(31635±4887 vs 38524±3578 cells/mm2, P<0.01)and cell regularity(95.16%±0.75% vs 96.07%±0.67%, P<0.01), along with significantly greater average inter-cell spacing(4.43±0.26 vs 4.22±0.23 μm, P<0.01)and cell dispersion(20.23%±2.72% vs 16.47%±1.85%, P<0.01). Subgroup analysis within the ARMD group revealed that PCPD was significantly lower in the late ARMD subgroup(30831±4826 cells/mm2)compared to the intermediate ARMD subgroup(35254±3534 cells/mm2, P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Photoreceptor pathology in ARMD patients, as assessed by AOSLO, is characterized by decreased PCPD and cell regularity, as well as increased inter-cell spacing and dispersion. These structural alterations are closely associated with photoreceptor cell lesions. AOSLO, as a non-invasive and quantitative imaging modality, demonstrates promising application prospects in the clinical diagnosis of ARMD.

Colorectal cancer(CRC) is a common malignant tumor worldwide. Due to the treatment intolerance and side effects, CRC rank the top among various cancers regarding the incidence and mortality rates. Therefore, exploring new therapies is of great significance for the treatment of CRC. Aerobic glycolysis(AEG) plays an important role in the microenvironment formation, proliferation, metastasis, and recurrence of CRC and other tumor cells. It has been confirmed that intervening in the AEG pathway can effectively curb CRC. The active ingredients and compound prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) can effectively inhibit the proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance and regulate the apoptosis of tumor cells by modulating AEG-associated transport proteins [eg, glucose transporters(GLUT)], key enzymes [hexokinase(HK) and phosphofructokinase(PFK)], key genes [hypoxia-inducible factor 1(HIF-1) and oncogene(c-Myc)], and signaling pathways(MET/PI3K/Akt/mTOR). Accordingly, they can treat CRC, reduce the recurrence, and improve the prognosis of CRC. Although AEG plays a key role in the development and progression of CRC, the specific mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Therefore, this article delves into the intrinsic connection of the targets and mechanisms of the AEG pathway with CRC from the perspective of tumor cell glycolysis and explores how active ingredients(oxymatrine, kaempferol, and dioscin) and compound prescriptions(Quxie Capsules, Jiedu Sangen Decoction, and Xianlian Jiedu Prescription) of TCM treat CRC by intervening in the AEG pathway. Additionally, this article explores the shortcomings in the current research, aiming to provide reliable targets and a theoretical basis for treating CRC with TCM.
Humans ; Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use* ; Glycolysis/drug effects* ; Animals ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Signal Transduction/drug effects*

This study explored the potential therapeutic targets and mechanisms of Danggui Shaoyao San(DSS) in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease(AD) through transcriptomics and metabolomics, combined with animal experiments. Fifty male C57BL/6J mice, aged seven weeks, were randomly divided into the following five groups: control, model, positive drug, low-dose DSS, and high-dose DSS groups. After the intervention, the Morris water maze was used to assess learning and memory abilities of mice, and Nissl staining and hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining were performed to observe pathological changes in the hippocampal tissue. Transcriptomics and metabolomics were employed to sequence brain tissue and identify differential metabolites, analyzing key genes and metabolites related to disease progression. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR) was employed to validate the expression of key genes. The Morris water maze results indicated that DSS significantly improved learning and cognitive function in scopolamine(SCOP)-induced model mice, with the high-dose DSS group showing the best results. Pathological staining showed that DSS effectively reduced hippocampal neuronal damage, increased Nissl body numbers, and reduced nuclear pyknosis and neuronal loss. Transcriptomics identified seven key genes, including neurexin 1(Nrxn1) and sodium voltage-gated channel α subunit 1(Scn1a), and metabolomics revealed 113 differential metabolites, all of which were closely associated with synaptic function, oxidative stress, and metabolic regulation. RT-qPCR experiments confirmed that the expression of these seven key genes was consistent with the transcriptomics results. This study suggests that DSS significantly improves learning and memory in SCOP model mice and alleviates hippocampal neuronal pathological damage. The mechanisms likely involve the modulation of synaptic function, reduction of oxidative stress, and metabolic balance, with these seven key genes serving as important targets for DSS in the treatment of AD.
Animals ; Alzheimer Disease/genetics* ; Male ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage* ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Metabolomics ; Transcriptome/drug effects* ; Maze Learning/drug effects* ; Hippocampus/metabolism* ; Humans ; Disease Models, Animal ; Memory/drug effects*

The present study aimed to explore whether hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) improved hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) in rats by inhibiting aerobic glycolysis-pyroptosis. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into normal group, normal+NaHS group, hypoxia group, and hypoxia+NaHS group, with 6 rats in each group. The control group rats were placed in a normoxic (21% O₂) environment and received daily intraperitoneal injections of an equal volume of normal saline. The normal+NaHS group rats were placed in a normoxic environment and intraperitoneally injected with 14 μmol/kg NaHS daily. The hypoxia group rats were placed in a hypoxia chamber, and the oxygen controller inside the chamber maintained the oxygen concentration at 9% to 10% by controlling the N₂ flow rate. An equal volume of normal saline was injected intraperitoneally every day. The hypoxia+NaHS group rats were also placed in an hypoxia chamber and intraperitoneally injected with 14 μmol/kg NaHS daily. After the completion of the four-week modeling, the mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) of each group was measured using right heart catheterization technique, and the right ventricular hypertrophy index (RVHI) was weighed and calculated. HE staining was used to observe pathological changes in lung tissue, Masson staining was used to observe fibrosis of lung tissue, and Western blot was used to detect protein expression levels of hexokinase 2 (HK2), pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), pyruvate kinase isozyme type M2 (PKM2), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), GSDMD-N-terminal domain (GSDMD-N), Caspase-1, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 in lung tissue. ELISA was used to detect contents of IL-1β and IL-18 in lung tissue. The results showed that, compared with the normal control group, there were no significant changes in all indexes in the normal+NaHS group, while the hypoxia group exhibited significantly increased mPAP and RVHI, thickened pulmonary vascular wall, narrowed lumen, increased collagen fibers, up-regulated expression levels of aerobic glycolysis-related proteins (HK2 and PKM2), up-regulated expression levels of pyroptosis-related proteins (NLRP3, GSDMD-N, Caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18), and increased contents of IL-1β and IL-18. These changes of the above indexes in the hypoxia group were significantly reversed by NaHS. These results suggest that H₂S can improve rat HPH by inhibiting aerobic glycolysis-pyroptosis.
Animals ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Male ; Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism* ; Glycolysis/drug effects* ; Hydrogen Sulfide/therapeutic use* ; Hypoxia/complications* ; Rats ; Pyroptosis/drug effects*

Haematitum and Limonitum are two iron-containing mineral medicines included in the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. They have similar main components and major differences in their property, flavor, channel tropism, and clinical uses. In this study, we investigated the surface properties, mineral composition, mineral dissociation, elemental composition, and iron state of Haematitum and Limonitum to explore their mineralogical differences. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM), specific surface and porosity analyzer, X-ray diffractometer(XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectrometer(XPS), and advanced mineral identification and characterization system(AMICS) were used to analyze the mineralogy of Haematitum and Limonitum. The results showed that Haematitum had an angular surface with granular attachments and a specific surface area of 17.04 m~2·g~(-1). In comparison, Limonitum had a smooth and flat surface with a bundled acicular crystal structure and a specific surface area of 46.29 m~2·g~(-1). Haematitum consists of 31 detectable minerals containing 18 elements, with the major element, iron(44.5% Fe~(2+) and 55.5% Fe~(3+)) distributed in 17 minerals, including hematite, iron oxide, knebelite, siderite, and magnesioferrite. Limonitum consists of 32 detectable minerals containing 17 elements, with the major element, iron(14.5% Fe~(2+) and 85.5% Fe~(3+)) distributed in 19 minerals, including limonite, iron oxide, chlorite, and knebelite. In summary, the elemental composition of Haematitum and Limonitum does not differ greatly, but there are large differences in the mineral composition and iron state. The large specific surface area and strong adsorption capacity of Limonitum may be one of the mechanisms of its anti-diarrheal action. The Fe_2O_3 and illite contained in Haematitum and Limonitum may be the key substances for their hemostasis effects. The mineralogical differences are expected to provide a reference for explaining the scientific connotation of mineral medicine and laying a material foundation for studying its mechanism of action.
Iron/analysis* ; Minerals/chemistry* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; X-Ray Diffraction ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Photoelectron Spectroscopy

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influencing factors of pathological positive surgical margins (PSM) after radical resection of prostate cancer. METHODS: The clinical data of 407 patients who underwent radical resection of prostate cancer in our hospital from 2011 to 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. And the patients were divided into two groups according to postoperative pathological results. Single factor analysis was used to evaluate the differences in postoperative Gleason score, preoperative total prostate-specific antigen (tPSA), preoperative serum free prostate-specific antigen to preoperative tPSA ratio (fPSA/ tPSA), clinical stage, postoperative pathological stage, operation method, age, body mass index (BMI), diameter and volume of prostate tumor. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the independent risk factor of PSM. RESULTS: Among 407 patients with prostate cancer, 179 cases (43.98%) were positive. Univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences in postoperative Gleason score, preoperative tPSA, clinical stage and postoperative pathological stage between the two groups (P<0.05). And Gleason score, preoperative tPSA and pathologic stage were independent risk factors for PSM. CONCLUSION There are relationships between PSM and postoperative Gleason score, tPSA, clinical T stage, postoperative pathologic pT stage. Among them, postoperative Gleason score (Gleason=7 points, Gleason≥8 points), preoperative total prostate-specific antigen (tPSA > 20 μg/L), and postoperative pathologic pT stage (pT3a, pT3b) were independent risk factors for positive pathological margins of prostate cancer.
Margins of Excision ; Prostatic Neoplasms/surgery* ; Prostatectomy/statistics & numerical data* ; Prostate/surgery* ; Retrospective Studies ; Neoplasm Grading/statistics & numerical data* ; Prostate-Specific Antigen/blood* ; Neoplasm Staging/statistics & numerical data* ; Postoperative Period ; Risk Factors ; Humans ; Male

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pharmacological mechanism of Compound Xuanju Capsule in the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) by using network pharmacology and molecular docking technology. METHODS: The active ingredients and targets of Compound Xuanju Capsule were screened using Traditional Chinese Medicine Systematic Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP). TTD, OMIM, DrugBank and GeneCards databases were used to obtain genes related to ED, and the union of the results was taken as the disease genes of ED. The common target of drug and disease was taken as the potential target of Compound Xuanju Capsule in ED, and the drug-disease interaction network was constructed by using Cytoscape software. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed by using String database, which was then imported into Cytoscape to identify the key target. Based on the drug-disease intersection genes, GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed to predict the relevant signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms of Compound Xuanju Capsule for the treatment of ED. Autodock software was used to perform molecular docking between the active ingredients and the core targets. RESULTS: Forty chemical components of Compound Xuanju Capsule were screened, and 239 predicted targets were obtained. A total of 1 907 ED-related genes were screened, and 97 common targets were identified between Compound Xuanju Capsule and ED, among which the core targets included EGFR, ESR1, HIF1A, PTGS2, and STAT3. The signaling pathways obtained by KEGG enrichment analysis included calcium signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, cGMP-PKG signaling pathway, relaxin signaling pathway, Serotonergic synapse signaling pathway. The molecular docking results showed that there were molecular binding sites between the key active ingredients and the core targets with strong binding activity. CONCLUSION Compound Xuanju Capsule may treat ED through multi-target pathways such as anti-inflammatory and improving cellular oxidative stress.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use* ; Erectile Dysfunction/drug therapy* ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Male ; Humans ; Signal Transduction ; Protein Interaction Maps ; Network Pharmacology ; Capsules ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical efficacy of Wenyang Lishui Formula (WYLSF) in preventing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and explore the suitable range of estradiol (E₂) on the human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) day in patients with OHSS using WYLSF. METHODS: Part I: eligible patients at high risk for OHSS undergoing ovulation induction between January and December, 2023 were randomized into 2 groups based on the actual treatment. The treatment group received 200 mL WYLSF formula twice daily for 5 days after oocyte retrieval in a combination of lifestyle coaching (LC) intervention including regular diet and exercise, whereas the LC group received LC intervention alone. The incidence of OHSS, OHSS self-assessment scales, changes in E₂ levels on HCG day and 5 days after oocyte retrieval, ovarian morphology changes, and menstrual recovery were compared between the two groups. Part II: patients at high risk for OHSS treated with WYLSF were studied. The optimal E₂ threshold on the HCG day was determined using the maximum selection test, and a multivariate analysis was adopted to compare the relationship between different E₂ levels on HCG day and hospitalization rate, incidence of moderate to severe OHSS, and self-assessment scales, to explore the preventive effect of WYLSF on OHSS in patients with varying E₂ levels. RESULTS: A total of 120 patients were included in the Part I analysis. The treatment group (60 cases) showed a significant reduction in the incidence, duration, and severity of abdominal distension, as well as the incidence of vomiting compared with the LC group (P<0.05). The post-retrieval E₂ levels in the treatment group decreased significantly more (P=0.032). Among 1,652 patients treated with WYLSF in the Part II, 90 patients with ⩽ 10092 pmol/L, 159 with >31074 pmol/L, and 1,403 in the middle range group were formed based on E₂ levels on HCG day in Part two analysis. Univariate and regression analyses showed that patients with E₂ levels >31073 pmol/L had a significantly higher incidence of moderate to severe OHSS compared to those with E₂ levels ⩽ 10092 pmol/L (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS WYLSF can effectively reduce specific symptoms in high-risk OHSS patients after ovulation induction and significantly lower E₂ levels. It may be more suitable for high-risk OHSS patients with E₂ levels <31073 pmol/L on HCG day. (Registration No. MR-11-23-032493, https://www.medicalresearch.org.cn/login ).
Humans ; Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome/blood* ; Female ; Adult ; Prospective Studies ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Estradiol/blood* ; Ovulation Induction ; Chorionic Gonadotropin

Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) is a member of the transcription CDK subfamily and plays a role in transcriptional regulation. Selective CDK9 degraders possess potent clinical advantages over reversible CDK9 inhibitors. Herein, we report the first ATG101-recruiting selective CDK9 degrader, AZ-9, based on the hydrophobic tag kinesin degradation technology. AZ-9 showed significant degradation effects and selectivity toward other homologous cell cycle CDKs in vitro and in vivo, which could also affect downstream related phenotypes. Mechanism research revealed that AZ-9 recruits ATG101 to initiate the autophagy-lysosome pathway, and forms autophagosomes through the recruitment of LC3, which then fuses with lysosomes to degrade CDK9 and the partner protein Cyclin T1. These dates validated the existence of non-proteasomal degradation pathway of hydrophobic driven protein degradation strategy for the first time, which might provide research ideas for chemical induction intervention on other types of pathogenic proteins.