Objective To analyze the disease burden of chronic kidney diseases (CKD) attributed to high body mass index (BMI) in China from 1992 to 2021 and predict the disease burden for the next decade, and to provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of CKD. Methods Using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database and the Joinpoint model, the average annual percentage rate change (AAPC) of the mortality rate and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rate was calculated to describe and analyze the CKD disease burden attributed to high BMI in China from 1992 to 2021. The ARIMA model was employed to predict and analyze the change trend of the CKD disease burden. Results From 1992 to 2021, the mortality rate and DALY rate attributed to high BMI-induced chronic kidney disease showed an upward trend. Compared to 1992, the attributed number of deaths increased by 324.38%, and DALYs increased by 268.56%; the mortality rate increased by 64.00%, and the DALY rate grew by 51.62%. From 1992 to 2021, the mortality rate and DALY rate for males were lower than those for females, but the growth rate for males exceeded that of females. From 1992 to 2021, the mortality rate and DALY rate of chronic kidney disease attributed to high BMI in China increased with age. The average annual change rate of chronic kidney disease attributed to high BMI in China from 1992 to 2021 (mortality rate: 1.40 per 100,000 (95% CI: 1.04–1.76), DALY rate: 1.43 per 100 000 (95% CI: 1.17–1.70)) was higher than thHuaiyin Normal University, Huai'anher social demographic index (SDI) regions. The ARIMA model predicted that the age-standardized mortality rate increased from 2.91 per 100 000 in 2022 to 3.05 per 100 000 in 2026, and the age-standardized DALY rate increased from 69.65 per 100 000 in 2022 to 73.58 per 100 000 in 2026. Conclusion Chronic kidney disease attributed to high BMI in China is on the rise, and it will continue to grow in the future. The focus of CKD prevention and control should be on males and the elderly, while active measures should be taken to reduce the occurrence and progression of chronic kidney disease.

Collagen is a major structural protein in the matrix of animal cells and the most widely distributed and abundant functional protein in mammals. Collagen’s good biocompatibility, biodegradability and biological activity make it a very valuable biomaterial. According to the source of collagen, it can be broadly categorized into two types: one is animal collagen; the other is recombinant collagen. Animal collagen is mainly extracted and purified from animal connective tissues by chemical methods, such as acid, alkali and enzyme methods, etc. Recombinant collagen refers to collagen produced by gene splicing technology, where the amino acid sequence is first designed and improved according to one’s own needs, and the gene sequence of improved recombinant collagen is highly consistent with that of human beings, and then the designed gene sequence is cloned into the appropriate vector, and then transferred to the appropriate expression vector. The designed gene sequence is cloned into a suitable vector, and then transferred to a suitable expression system for full expression, and finally the target protein is obtained by extraction and purification technology. Recombinant collagen has excellent histocompatibility and water solubility, can be directly absorbed by the human body and participate in the construction of collagen, remodeling of the extracellular matrix, cell growth, wound healing and site filling, etc., which has demonstrated significant effects, and has become the focus of the development of modern biomedical materials. This paper firstly elaborates the structure, type, and tissue distribution of human collagen, as well as the associated genetic diseases of different types of collagen, then introduces the specific process of producing animal source collagen and recombinant collagen, explains the advantages of recombinant collagen production method, and then introduces the various systems of expressing recombinant collagen, as well as their advantages and disadvantages, and finally briefly introduces the application of animal collagen, focusing on the use of animal collagen in the development of biopharmaceutical materials. In terms of application, it focuses on the use of animal disease models exploring the application effects of recombinant collagen in wound hemostasis, wound repair, corneal therapy, female pelvic floor dysfunction (FPFD), vaginal atrophy (VA) and vaginal dryness, thin endometritis (TE), chronic endometritis (CE), bone tissue regeneration in vivo, cardiovascular diseases, breast cancer (BC) and anti-aging. The mechanism of action of recombinant collagen in the treatment of FPFD and CE was introduced, and the clinical application and curative effect of recombinant collagen in skin burn, skin wound, dermatitis, acne and menopausal urogenital syndrome (GSM) were summarized. From the exploratory studies and clinical applications, it is evident that recombinant collagen has demonstrated surprising effects in the treatment of all types of diseases, such as reducing inflammation, promoting cell proliferation, migration and adhesion, increasing collagen deposition, and remodeling the extracellular matrix. At the end of the review, the challenges faced by recombinant collagen are summarized: to develop new recombinant collagen types and dosage forms, to explore the mechanism of action of recombinant collagen, and to provide an outlook for the future development and application of recombinant collagen.

Electromagnetic fields can regulate the fundamental biological processes involved in bone remodeling. As a non-invasive physical therapy, electromagnetic fields with specific parameters have demonstrated therapeutic effects on bone remodeling diseases, such as fractures and osteoporosis. Electromagnetic fields can be generated by the movement of charged particles or induced by varying currents. Based on whether the strength and direction of the electric field change over time, electromagnetic fields can be classified into static and time-varying fields. The treatment of bone remodeling diseases with static magnetic fields primarily focuses on fractures, often using magnetic splints to immobilize the fracture site while studying the effects of static magnetic fields on bone healing. However, there has been relatively little research on the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis using static magnetic fields. Pulsed electromagnetic fields, a type of time-varying field, have been widely used in clinical studies for treating fractures, osteoporosis, and non-union. However, current clinical applications are limited to low-frequency, and research on the relationship between frequency and biological effects remains insufficient. We believe that different types of electromagnetic fields acting on bone can induce various “secondary physical quantities”, such as magnetism, force, electricity, acoustics, and thermal energy, which can stimulate bone cells either individually or simultaneously. Bone cells possess specific electromagnetic properties, and in a static magnetic field, the presence of a magnetic field gradient can exert a certain magnetism on the bone tissue, leading to observable effects. In a time-varying magnetic field, the charged particles within the bone experience varying Lorentz forces, causing vibrations and generating acoustic effects. Additionally, as the frequency of the time-varying field increases, induced currents or potentials can be generated within the bone, leading to electrical effects. When the frequency and power exceed a certain threshold, electromagnetic energy can be converted into thermal energy, producing thermal effects. In summary, external electromagnetic fields with different characteristics can generate multiple physical quantities within biological tissues, such as magnetic, electric, mechanical, acoustic, and thermal effects. These physical quantities may also interact and couple with each other, stimulating the biological tissues in a combined or composite manner, thereby producing biological effects. This understanding is key to elucidating the electromagnetic mechanisms of how electromagnetic fields influence biological tissues. In the study of electromagnetic fields for bone remodeling diseases, attention should be paid to the biological effects of bone remodeling under different electromagnetic wave characteristics. This includes exploring innovative electromagnetic source technologies applicable to bone remodeling, identifying safe and effective electromagnetic field parameters, and combining basic research with technological invention to develop scientifically grounded, advanced key technologies for innovative electromagnetic treatment devices targeting bone remodeling diseases. In conclusion, electromagnetic fields and multiple physical factors have the potential to prevent and treat bone remodeling diseases, and have significant application prospects.

The heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) protein family is a cluster of highly conserved molecules that play an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Hsp90 and its co-chaperones regulate a variety of pathways and cellular functions, such as cell growth, cell cycle control and apoptosis. Hsp90 is closely associated with the occurrence and development of tumors and other diseases, making it an attractive target for cancer therapeutics. Inhibition of Hsp90 expression can affect multiple oncogenic pathways simultaneously. Most Hsp90 small molecule inhibitors are in clinical trials due to their low efficacy, toxicity or drug resistance, but they have obvious synergistic anti-tumor effect when used with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, tubulin inhibitors or topoisomerase II (Topo II) inhibitors. To address this issue, the design of Hsp90 dual-target inhibitors can improve efficacy and reduce drug resistance, making it an effective tumor treatment strategy. In this paper, the domain and biological function of Hsp90 are briefly introduced, and the design, discovery and structure-activity relationship of Hsp90 dual inhibitors are discussed, in order to provide reference for the discovery of novel Hsp90 dual inhibitors and clinical drug research from the perspective of medicinal chemistry.

ObjectiveTo investigate the intervention mechanism of Dendrobium officinale leaf fermentation fluid in mice with alcoholic hepatitis. MethodsA total of 70 healthy male C57BL/6J mice， aged 6-8 weeks， were randomly divided into normal group， model group， liquid feed control group， silybin group， and low-， middle-， and high-dose Dendrobium officinale leaf fermentation fluid groups， with 10 mice in each group. The mice in the normal group were given normal diet， and those in the other groups were given Lieber-DeCarli classic liquid diet for 8 weeks to induce alcoholic hepatitis. During modeling， the mice in the low-， middle-， and high-dose Dendrobium officinale leaf fermentation fluid groups were given Dendrobium liquid manufactured by Warmen Pharmaceutical， and the mice in all the other groups were given pure water； the mice in the normal group， the model group， and the liquid feed control group were given normal saline by gavage， those in the silybin group were given silybin 0.25 mL/10 g by gavage， and those in the low-， middle-， and high-dose Dendrobium officinale leaf fermentation fluid groups were given Dendrobium officinale leaf fermentation fluid at a dose of 0.125 mL/10 g， 0.250 mL/10 g， and 0.375 mL/10 g， respectively， by gavage， once a day. At week 8， chloral hydrate was injected intraperitoneally for anesthesia， and blood samples were collected from the eyeball. After serum was separated， the biochemical method was used to measure the levels of aspartate aminotransferase （AST） and alanine aminotransferase （ALT）； HE staining and oil red staining were used to observe liver histopathology and lipid accumulation in mice； multiplex Luminex assay was used to measure the serum levels of interleukin-6 （IL-6）， interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， and CCL2； quantitative real-time PCR， Western blot， and immunofluorescence assay were used to measure the protein expression levels of NLRP3， caspase-1， caspase-11， gasdermin D （GSDMD）， N-terminal gasdermin D （GSDMD-N） in liver tissue. A one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison of continuous data between multiple groups， and the least significant difference t-test was used for further comparison between two groups. ResultsCompared with the normal group， the model group had significant increases in the serum levels of AST， ALT， IL-6， IL-1β， TNF-α， and CCL2 （all P<0.05）， and compared with the model group， the high-dose Dendrobium officinale leaf fermentation fluid group had significant reductions in the serum levels of AST， ALT， IL-6， IL-1β， TNF-α， and CCL2 （all P<0.05）. HE staining showed that the model group had disordered structure of hepatic lobules， with a large number of steatosis vacuoles and massive cell necrosis， and compared with the model group， the high-dose Dendrobium officinale leaf fermentation fluid group had alleviation of liver histopathological injury， intact structure of most hepatic lobules， and a small amount of inflammatory cell infiltration. Oil red staining showed that the model group had accumulation of large and small lipid droplets in the liver and a significant increase in liver fat content， and compared with the model group， the high-dose Dendrobium officinale leaf fermentation fluid group had significant alleviation of hepatic steatosis， with the presence of sporadic small lipid droplets. Immunofluorescence assay of liver tissue showed that compared with the normal group， the model group had a significant increase in the ratio of GSDMD-positive staining area in hepatocyte cytoplasm （P<0.001）， and compared with the model group， the high-dose Dendrobium officinale leaf fermentation fluid group had a significant reduction in such ratio in hepatocyte cytoplasm （P<0.001）. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that compared with the normal group， the model group had significant increases in the protein expression levels of NLRP3， caspase-1， caspase-11， GSDMD， GSDMD-N， interleukin-18 （IL-18）， and IL-1β in liver tissue （all P<0.05）， and compared with the model group， the high-dose Dendrobium officinale leaf fermentation fluid group had significant reductions in the protein expression levels of NLRP3， caspase-1， caspase-11， GSDMD， GSDMD-N， IL-18， and IL-1 （all P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the high-dose Dendrobium officinale leaf fermentation fluid group had significant reductions in the protein expression levels of caspase-1 and caspase-11 （both P<0.05）， with a relative expression level of caspase-1 of 1.757 （reduced by 26.6% compared with the model group） and a relative expression level of caspase-11 of 0.455 （reduced by 70.3% compared with the model group）， suggesting that caspase-11 showed a greater reduction than caspase-1. ConclusionDendrobium officinale leaf fermentation fluid can alleviate alcoholic hepatitis in mice， possibly by inhibiting the non-classical cell pyroptosis pathway mediated by caspase-11.

Humans ; Consanguinity ; Exome Sequencing ; Mutation/genetics* ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Ciliary Motility Disorders ; Axonemal Dyneins/genetics*

Objective To investigate the effects of Licorice chalcone A(LCA)on proliferation,migration,invasion and antioxidant capacity of human glioma U87 cells and its mechanism.Methods Glioma U87 cells cultured in vitro were divided into 4 groups,blank control group(conventional culture)and experimental-L,-M,-H groups(5,10,20 μmol·L-1 LC A).Cell proliferation capacity was detected by cell counting kit-8,cell clonogenesis ability was detected by clonogenesis assay,cell migration ability was detected by scratch assay,and cell invasion ability was detected by Transwell assay.Colorimetric assay was used to detect total glutathione(T-GSH),malondialdehyde(MDA)and superoxide dismutase(SOD),and Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/Akt).Results The cell proliferation activities of blank control group and experimental-L,-M,-H groups were(90.20±2.17)％,(79.06±1.57)％,(66.13±2.11)％and(49.52±1.82)％;cell clone formation rates were(76.83±2.30)％,(42.33±2.09)％,(17.71±1.84)％and(12.12±1.97)％;12 h cell mobility rates were(34.92±2.24)％,(27.90±1.89)％,(18.76±1.14)％and(14.87±0.82)％;24 h cell mobility rates were(50.37±2.61)％,(39.43±2.56)％,(21.11±2.33)％and(18.32±2.39)％;the number of perforated cells were 120.39±4.16,79.95±3.83,45.67±3.55 and 18.14±2.85;T-GSH levels were(71.43±2.39),(58.51±2.91),(49.43±2.78)and(35.44±2.76)μmol·L-1;MDA levels were(4.14±0.91),(7.23±1.75),(9.20±1.56)and(11.37±1.90)nmol·mL-1;SOD levels were(41.44±2.10),(35.43±2.91),(28.56±2.32)and(20.62±2.05)U·mg-1;the relative expression levels of p-Akt were 1.27±0.03,1.06±0.02,0.89±0.01 and 0.60±0.02,respectively.The above indexes were statistically significant between experimental-L,-M,-H groups and blank control group(all P＜0.01).Conclusion LCA can inhibit the proliferation,migration,invasion and induce oxidative damage of glioma U87 cells,and its mechanism may be related to the down-regulation of p-Akt protein expression in PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Objective To observe the efficacy and safety of Morinda officinalis oligosaccharides in the continuation treatment of mild and moderate depression.Methods An open,single-arm,multi-center design was adopted in our study.Adult patients with mild and moderate depression who had received acute treatment of Morinda officinalis oligosaccharides were enrolled and continue to receive Morinda officinalis oligosaccharides capsules for 24 weeks,the dose remained unchanged during continuation treatment.The remission rate,recurrence rate,recurrence time,and the change from baseline to endpoint of Hamilton Depression Scale(HAMD),Hamilton Anxiety Scale(HAMA),Clinical Global Impression-Severity(CGI-S)and Arizona Sexual Experience Scale(ASEX)were evaluated.The incidence of treatment-related adverse events was reported.Results The scores of HAMD-17 at baseline and after treatment were 6.60±1.87 and 5.85±4.18,scores of HAMA were 6.36±3.02 and 4.93±3.09,scores of CGI-S were 1.49±0.56 and 1.29±0.81,scores of ASEX were 15.92±4.72 and 15.57±5.26,with significant difference(P＜0.05).After continuation treatment,the remission rate was 54.59％(202 cases/370 cases),and the recurrence rate was 6.49％(24 cases/370 cases),the recurrence time was(64.67±42.47)days.The incidence of treatment-related adverse events was 15.35％(64 cases/417 cases).Conclusion Morinda officinalis oligosaccharides capsules can be effectively used for the continuation treatment of mild and moderate depression,and are well tolerated and safe.

Objective To investigate the effects of palmatine on migration,invasion and epithelial mesenchymal transformation(EMT)in human oral cancer KB cells.Methods KB cells were divided into control group and palmatine-L,-M,-H groups,cultured with 0,4,8 and 16 μmol·L-1 palmatine.After incubation for 48 h,scratch assay was used to detect migration;Traswell assay was used to detect invasion;matrix metalloproteinase 2(MMP-2),MMP-9 and fibronectin(FN)contents were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay;the expression of Vimentin,N-cadherin and E-cadherin mRNA were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction;the expression of Vimentin,N-cadherin,E-cadherin,Wnt3 and β-catenin protein were detected by Western blot.Results Cell mobility in control group and palmatine-L,-M,-H groups were(69.27±8.62)％,(52.94±4.49)％,(45.22±5.05)％and(37.63±4.88)％;the number of transmembrane cells were 197.33±20.26,125.33±12.01,97.00±9.17 and 62.67±7.51;the content of MMP-2 were(2.93±0.21),(1.49±0.13),(1.16±0.15)and(0.95±0.09)ng·mL-1;the content of MMP-9 were(3.51±0.36),(2.37±0.23),(2.06±0.35)and(1.72±0.16)ng·mL-1;the content of FN were(41.28±4.02),(24.03±3.17),(20.67±2.63)and(13.82±2.19)ng·mL-1;the above indexes in palmatine-L,-M,-H groups were compared with the control group,and the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).The mRNA and protein expressions of Vimentin,N-cadherin and E-cadherin,and the expressions of Wnt3 and β-catenin protein in palmatine-L,-M,-H groups were statistically significant compared with those in control group(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).Conclusion Palmatine can inhibit the migration,invasion and EMT of human oral cancer KB cells,and its mechanism is related to the regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Objective To evaluate the accuracy of bioelectrical impedance analysis(BIA)in measurement of appendicular skeletal muscle mass(ASM)of adults.Methods A total of 836 adults aged 18-42 years were recruited in Guangzhou using a convenient sampling method from April 2021 to September 2022.ASM was measured using BIA and Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry(DXA).Using DXA as the standard method,the consistency between the BIA and DXA measurements was evaluated by intra-class correlation coefficients(ICCs)and Bland-Altman analysis in logarithmically transformed data,in order to evaluate the accuracy of BIA in ASM measurement.Receiver operating characteristic curve was plotted to evaluate the diagnostic value of BIA for screening low muscle mass.Results A total of 774 individuals were included for analysis finally.ICCs for ASM measured by BIA and DXA were 0.774 and 0.667 in males and females,respectively.Mean ratios(limits of Agreement)of ASM were 0.94(0.80-1.10)and 0.91(0.78-1.05)in males and females,respectively.Area under curve of BIA for screening low muscle mass were 0.91 and 0.94 in males and females,respectively.The optimal cut-off values of Z-score by BIA for males and females were-0.57 and-0.66,respectively.Sensitivity and specificity for males were 82.5%and 86.0%,while being 86.8%and 93.8%,for females.Conclusion BIA shows a moderate consistency with DXA for measuring ASM in adults.Furthermore,BIA yields a good diagnostic value in identifying low muscle mass in adults aged 18-42 years.