Diabetic kidney disease （DKD） is one of the common microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus （DM） and a primary cause of chronic kidney disease （CKD） and end-stage renal disease （ESRD）. Inflammation is currently a hot topic in exploring the pathogenesis of DKD. Macrophages， T cells， interleukins， tumor necrosis factor， NOD-like receptor protein 3 （NLRP3） inflammasome， Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription （JAK/STAT） signaling pathway， and nuclear factor-kappa B （NF-κB）-related signaling pathway all play a role in regulating the inflammation of DKD and accelerating its progression. Astragali Radix， a Chinese herbal medicine， is widely used in the treatment of DKD and possesses strong anti-inflammatory effects. Studies have revealed that active ingredients of Astragali Radix， including polysaccharides， astragaloside Ⅳ， total flavonoids， calycosin， and quercetin， can regulate multiple signaling pathways to ameliorate the microinflammatory state and alleviate kidney damage， thereby slowing down the progression of DKD. This article systematically reviews the factors influencing the inflammation in DKD and analyzes recent research findings and mechanisms concerning active ingredients of Astragali Radix in the management of DKD inflammation， aiming to offer novel insights and directions for the prevention， treatment， and research of DKD.

Protrusive facial deformities, characterized by the forward displacement of the teeth and/or jaws beyond the normal range, affect a considerable portion of the population. The manifestations and morphological mechanisms of protrusive facial deformities are complex and diverse, requiring orthodontists to possess a high level of theoretical knowledge and practical experience in the relevant orthodontic field. To further optimize the correction of protrusive facial deformities, this consensus proposes that the morphological mechanisms and diagnosis of protrusive facial deformities should be analyzed and judged from multiple dimensions and factors to accurately formulate treatment plans. It emphasizes the use of orthodontic strategies, including jaw growth modification, tooth extraction or non-extraction for anterior teeth retraction, and maxillofacial vertical control. These strategies aim to reduce anterior teeth and lip protrusion, increase chin prominence, harmonize nasolabial and chin-lip relationships, and improve the facial profile of patients with protrusive facial deformities. For severe skeletal protrusive facial deformities, orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment may be suggested. This consensus summarizes the theoretical knowledge and clinical experience of numerous renowned oral experts nationwide, offering reference strategies for the correction of protrusive facial deformities.
Humans ; Orthodontics, Corrective/methods* ; Consensus ; Malocclusion/therapy* ; Patient Care Planning ; Cephalometry

Enamel demineralization, the formation of white spot lesions, is a common issue in clinical orthodontic treatment. The appearance of white spot lesions not only affects the texture and health of dental hard tissues but also impacts the health and aesthetics of teeth after orthodontic treatment. The prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of white spot lesions that occur throughout the orthodontic treatment process involve multiple dental specialties. This expert consensus will focus on providing guiding opinions on the management and prevention of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment, advocating for proactive prevention, early detection, timely treatment, scientific follow-up, and multidisciplinary management of white spot lesions throughout the orthodontic process, thereby maintaining the dental health of patients during orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Consensus ; Dental Caries/etiology* ; Dental Enamel/pathology* ; Tooth Demineralization/etiology* ; Tooth Remineralization

Early correction of childhood malocclusion is timely managing morphological, structural, and functional abnormalities at different dentomaxillofacial developmental stages. The selection of appropriate imaging examination and comprehensive radiological diagnosis and analysis play an important role in early correction of childhood malocclusion. This expert consensus is a collaborative effort by multidisciplinary experts in dentistry across the nation based on the current clinical evidence, aiming to provide general guidance on appropriate imaging examination selection, comprehensive and accurate imaging assessment for early orthodontic treatment patients.
Humans ; Malocclusion/diagnostic imaging* ; Child ; Consensus

The prevalence of Class III malocclusion varies among different countries and regions. The populations from Southeast Asian countries (Chinese and Malaysian) showed the highest prevalence rate of 15.8%, which can seriously affect oral function, facial appearance, and mental health. As anterior crossbite tends to worsen with growth, early orthodontic treatment can harness growth potential to normalize maxillofacial development or reduce skeletal malformation severity, thereby reducing the difficulty and shortening the treatment cycle of later-stage treatment. This is beneficial for the physical and mental growth of children. Therefore, early orthodontic treatment for Class III malocclusion is particularly important. Determining the optimal timing for early orthodontic treatment requires a comprehensive assessment of clinical manifestations, dental age, and skeletal age, and can lead to better results with less effort. Currently, standardized treatment guidelines for early orthodontic treatment of Class III malocclusion are lacking. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the etiology, clinical manifestations, classification, and early orthodontic techniques for Class III malocclusion, along with systematic discussions on selecting early treatment plans. The purpose of this expert consensus is to standardize clinical practices and improve the treatment outcomes of Class III malocclusion through early orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Malocclusion, Angle Class III/classification* ; Orthodontics, Corrective/methods* ; Consensus ; Child

Patients with periodontal disease often require combined periodontal-orthodontic interventions to restore periodontal health, function, and aesthetics, ensuring both patient satisfaction and long-term stability. Managing these patients involving orthodontic tooth movement can be particularly challenging due to compromised periodontal soft and hard tissues, especially in severe cases. Therefore, close collaboration between orthodontists and periodontists for comprehensive diagnosis and sequential treatment, along with diligent patient compliance throughout the entire process, is crucial for achieving favorable treatment outcomes. Moreover, long-term orthodontic retention and periodontal follow-up are essential to sustain treatment success. This expert consensus, informed by the latest clinical research and practical experience, addresses clinical considerations for orthodontic treatment of periodontal patients, delineating indications, objectives, procedures, and principles with the aim of providing clear and practical guidance for clinical practitioners.
Humans ; Consensus ; Orthodontics, Corrective/standards* ; Periodontal Diseases/complications* ; Tooth Movement Techniques/methods* ; Practice Guidelines as Topic

With the growing emphasis on maternal and child oral health, the significance of managing oral health across preconception, pregnancy, and infancy stages has become increasingly apparent. Oral health challenges extend beyond affecting maternal well-being, exerting profound influences on fetal and neonatal oral development as well as immune system maturation. This expert consensus paper, developed using a modified Delphi method, reviews current research and provides recommendations on maternal and child oral health management. It underscores the critical role of comprehensive oral assessments prior to conception, diligent oral health management throughout pregnancy, and meticulous oral hygiene practices during infancy. Effective strategies should be seamlessly integrated across the life course, encompassing preconception oral assessments, systematic dental care during pregnancy, and routine infant oral hygiene. Collaborative efforts among pediatric dentists, maternal and child health workers, and obstetricians are crucial to improving outcomes and fostering clinical research, contributing to evidence-based health management strategies.
Humans ; Pregnancy ; Female ; Infant ; Consensus ; Mouth Diseases/therapy* ; Pregnancy Complications/therapy* ; Oral Health ; Infant, Newborn ; Delphi Technique ; Oral Hygiene

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to analyze the biomechanics of three kinds of rigid internal fixation methods for condylar head fractures. METHODS: A three dimensional finite element model of the normal mandible was constructed. It was then used to prepare condylar head fracture finite element model and three kinds of rigid internal fixation finite element model (unilateral tension screw, bilateral tension screw, tension screw+titanium plate). The mechanical characteristics and changes of the mandible condyle under the same mechanical conditions were compared among the three different rigid internal fixation methods. RESULTS: The maximum equivalent stress and displacement of the non-free end of condyle under the rigid internal fixation method of unilateral tension screw were 71.03 MPa and 4.72 mm, respectively. The maximum equivalent stress and displacement of the free end of condyle were 78.45 MPa and 4.50 mm, respectively. The maximum stress of fracture suture was 3.27 MPa. The maximum equivalent stress and displacement of the non-free end of condyle under the rigid internal fixation method of bilateral tension screw were 70.52 MPa and 4.00 mm, respectively. The maximum equivalent stress and displacement of the free end of condyle were 72.49 MPa and 3.85 mm, respectively. The maximum stress of fracture suture was 2.33 MPa. The maximum equivalent stress and maximum displacement of the non-free end of condyle under the rigid internal fixation method of tension screw+titanium plate were 67.26 MPa and 2.66 mm, respectively. The maximum equivalent stress and maximum displacement of the free end of condyle were 69.66 MPa and 2.50 mm, respectively. The maximum stress of fracture suture was 2.18 MPa. CONCLUSIONS The tension screw+titanium plate rigid internal fixation method is the most conducive to biomechanical distribution for condylar head fractures.
Fracture Fixation, Internal/instrumentation* ; Mandibular Condyle/surgery* ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Bone Screws ; Finite Element Analysis ; Humans ; Mandibular Fractures/surgery* ; Bone Plates ; Titanium ; Stress, Mechanical

Background Agitated behaviour in male patients with schizophrenia can lead to serious consequences for the individual and the society.Non-invasive drug delivery may help to rapidly control agitation and improve the overall patient satisfaction,but there are limited studies on the efficacy of olanzapine oral soluble film for the treatment of agitated behaviour in patients with schizophrenia.Objective To compare the efficacy and safety profile of olanzapine oral soluble film versus intramuscular haloperidol against agitated behaviour in male patients with schizophrenia,so as to provide a reference for the treatment of agitated behaviour.Methods From May 2022 to July 2023,a consecutive sample of schizophrenic patients(n=44)with agitated behaviour who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,fifth edition(DSM-5)were recruited in the male psychiatric closed ward of the Third People's Hospital of Fuyang.Patients were assigned into two groups using the random number table method,each with 22 cases.Study group was treated with olanzapine oral soluble film 10 mg/d,while control group was given intramuscular haloperidol 8 mg/d.The severity of agitated behaviour was determined using Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale-Excited Component(PANSS-EC)and Agitation Calmness Evaluation Scale(ACES)at the baseline and after 6 h of drug administration.The treatment response rate was calculated based on the reduction of PANSS-EC score,and the drug side effects were assessed using Rating Scale for Extrapyramidal Side Effects(RSESE)and Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale(BARS)after 6 h of drug administration.Results After 6 h of drug administration,no statistical difference was reported in PANSS-EC score and ACES score between two groups(F=0.039,0.082,P>0.05),and the treatment response rate yielded no statistical difference between two groups(χ2=0.419,P=0.517),while study group reported a lower incidence rate of adverse reactions compared with control group,with statistically significant difference(P=0.031).BARS scores noted no statistical significant difference between two groups(t=0.587,P=0.561),whereas study group scored lower on RSES compared to control group,with a statistical difference(t=-7.367,P<0.01).Conclusion In the treatment of agitation in male patients with schizophrenia,the efficacy of olanzapine oral soluble film is comparable to that of intramuscular haloperidol,while the safety profile of the former is superior to that of the latter.

Objective:To understand the epidemiological characteristics and trends of injury in older adults in Jiangsu Province from 2006 to 2022 and provide a scientific basis for developing prevention and control measures.Methods:The data on injury cases aged 60 and older were collected from 12 sentinel hospitals in Jiangsu Province during 2006-2022. The study analyzed the proportion of injury cases among the elderly in the overall population and calculated the annual percent change and average annual percent change (AAPC). A pairwise comparison between groups was performed, and the differences were judged according to the adjusted standardized residuals.Results:From 2006 to 2022, there were 218 426 injury cases among individuals aged 60 and older in Jiangsu Province, which accounted for an increasing proportion of injury cases within the entire population (AAPC=3.17%, P<0.001). The first five causes of elderly injury were falls (42.06%), road traffic injuries (20.20%), animal injuries (11.45%), knife/sharp injuries (9.43%), and blunt injuries (8.13%). From 2006 to 2022, the proportion of falls, animal injuries, and knife/sharp injuries among the elderly aged ≥60 showed an increasing trend, while the proportion of road traffic injuries and blunt injuries decreased (all P<0.001). The incidence of injury was highest in October, with a daily incidence peak between 8:00 and 10:00. Leisure activities (40.34%) were the major activity leading to injury. The injury occurred mainly at home (53.74%), and the injury intention was mainly unintentional (97.41%), all of which showed an increasing trend ( P<0.001). The injuries were mainly bruises (36.00%), and the most common injured positions of the body were low limbs (27.55%), all of which showed a decreasing trend ( P<0.001). About 69.80% of cases were slight, and 79.38% were discharged after treatment, which showed an increasing trend ( P<0.001). Conclusions:The injury data for individuals aged 60 and older in Jiangsu Province exhibited varying trends from 2006 to 2022. There was a noticeable increase in the proportion of elderly injury cases within the overall injury population, as well as an upward trend in falls, animal injuries, and knife/sharp injuries as leading causes of injury. It is imperative to actively develop prevention measures based on the epidemiological characteristics and evolving trends of elderly injuries in Jiangsu Province.