Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women worldwide and significantly impacts patients'quality of life.With advancements in medical technology,treatment strategies for breast cancer are increasingly shifting toward precision and minimally invasive approaches.High-intensity focused ultrasound(HIFU),characterized by its non-invasive and non-ionizing nature,has been widely applied in the treatment of various benign and malignant tumors.HIFU holds great potential in breast cancer therapy,demonstrating significant antitumor effects in thermal ablation,chemotherapy,immunotherapy,and targeted therapy combinations.HIFU not only ablates tumor tissue and activates antitumor immune responses,but also,when combined with drugs,enhances therapeutic efficacy,promotes drug accumulation in tumor tissues,reduces side effects,and improves long-term outcomes.This article reviews the application of HIFU in the treatment of breast cancer,providing a reference for clinical practice and research.

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women worldwide and significantly impacts patients'quality of life.With advancements in medical technology,treatment strategies for breast cancer are increasingly shifting toward precision and minimally invasive approaches.High-intensity focused ultrasound(HIFU),characterized by its non-invasive and non-ionizing nature,has been widely applied in the treatment of various benign and malignant tumors.HIFU holds great potential in breast cancer therapy,demonstrating significant antitumor effects in thermal ablation,chemotherapy,immunotherapy,and targeted therapy combinations.HIFU not only ablates tumor tissue and activates antitumor immune responses,but also,when combined with drugs,enhances therapeutic efficacy,promotes drug accumulation in tumor tissues,reduces side effects,and improves long-term outcomes.This article reviews the application of HIFU in the treatment of breast cancer,providing a reference for clinical practice and research.

Objective:To compare and evaluate the quality of wild and different cultivation methods of Sanghuang porus vaninii (Ljub.) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai through analysis on UPLC characteristic atlas and multi-component content determination results. Methods:UPLC was used to establish the characteristic chromatogram and multi-component content determination method of Sanghuang porus vaninii (Ljub.) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai, and clustering analysis, orthogonal partial least squares - discriminant analysis method were used for chemical pattern recognition analysis. Results:The results showed that there were 10 common peaks in 18 batches of Sanghuang porus vaninii (Ljub.) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai. Five components were identified, erythrothioneine(peak 1), protocatechuic acid (peak 2), protocatechualdehyde (peak 3), caffeic acid (peak 4) and Hispidin (peak 5). HCA and OPLS-DA could distinguish Sanghuang porus vaninii (Ljub.) with different cultivation methods. Conclusion:Sanghuang porus vaninii (Ljub.) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai in wood is closer to wild Sanghuang porus vaninii (Ljub.) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai than in substitute cultivation. The UPLC characteristic atlas and multi-component content determination method established in this study can provide reference for the quality evaluation of Sanghuang porus vaninii (Ljub.) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai.

Objective:To investigate the influencing factors of thyroid volume in school-age children aged 8 - 10 years in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang for short).Methods:In 2020, counties (cities, districts) were taken as the units in the whole region of Xinjiang. Each county (city, district) was divided into 5 sampling areas according to the orientation of east, west, south, north, and middle, one township/street was selected from each area, and one primary school was selected from each township/street, 40 non-boarding children aged 8 - 10 years were selected from each primary school as the investigation subjects. Height and weight of children were measured, and body mass index (BMI) and body surface area were calculated; 24 h mixed urine samples of children and household edible salt samples were collected to detect the contents of urinary iodine and salt iodine; thyroid volume of children was measured by B-ultrasonography. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between thyroid volume and age, height, weight, body surface area, BMI, urinary iodine content, and salt iodine content. Univariate and multiple linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the correlation variables affecting thyroid volume.Results:A total of 18 334 children aged 8 - 10 years were investigated. The median urinary iodine was 237.88 μg/L. There were 132 children with goiter, and the rate of goiter was 0.72%. Of these, 9 249 (50.45%) were girls and 9 085 (49.55%) were boys. Girls' thyroid volume was positively correlated with age, height, weight, body surface area, BMI, urinary iodine content, and salt iodine content ( r = 0.125, 0.135, 0.167, 0.167, 0.154, 0.031, 0.019, P < 0.05); boys' thyroid volume was positively correlated with age, height, weight, body surface area, and BMI ( r = 0.132, 0.326, 0.156, 0.149, 0.146, P < 0.05), and there was no correlation with urinary iodine content and salt iodine content ( r = 0.019, 0.017, P > 0.05). Univariate linear regression analysis showed that age, height, weight, BMI, body surface area and urinary iodine content were the influencing factors of thyroid volume ( t = 14.92, 12.54, 20.98, 17.98, 20.25, 4.28, P < 0.01). Further multiple linear regression analysis showed that age, BMI, body surface area and urinary iodine content had significant independent effects on thyroid volume ( t = 9.61, 8.57, 7.76, 4.89, P < 0.01), the coefficient of determination ( R2) of the model was 0.278 2. According to the regression coefficient (β), the body surface area (β = 0.522 6) had the greatest influence on thyroid volume. Conclusions:The iodine nutrition of children aged 8 - 10 years in Xinjiang is sufficient. Thyroid volume is affected by age, BMI, body surface area and urinary iodine content.

Objective To understand the levels of water fluoride,tea fluorosis and the severity of drinking tea type of endemic fluorosis in Xinjiang from 2014 to 2016,and to provide a basis for making prevention and control measures.Methods In 2014-2016,a cross-sectional study was conducted to select six counties with serious fluorosis in Xinjiang as monitor counties,one diseased township was selected from five directions including east,south,west,north and center in each county,one village was selected in each township,and 10 families were selected to investigate the situation of brick tea drinking.Drinking water and brick tea samples were collected for detection of fluorine content,and epidemiological methods were used to analyze the prevalence of dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis.Results In 2014-2016,resident population per capita brick tea consumptions were 3.9-4.4 kg,per capita brick tea fluorine intakes were 4.6-6.1 mg,and the mean of tea fluorine was 433.1,385.2,432.7 mg/kg,respectively,the differences were not statistically significant (F =0.33,P ＞ 0.05);the means of water fluorine were 0.06-1.26 mg/L,and they were 0.38,0.37,0.33 mg/L,respectively,the differences were not statistically significant (F =2.64,P ＞ 0.05).The survey results showed that dental fluorosis of children aged 8-12 was 243 in three years,with a detection rate of 4.47％ (243/5 442) and the range of 0.08-0.14,which was negative.The skeletal fluorosis of adults aged 36-45 was 25 in 2015,with a detection rate of 2.75％ (25/910).Conclusions The fluorine content of some tea in drinking tea type of endemic fluorosis areas in Xinjiang is high,and the fluorine content of some water samples has exceed the standard of drinking water type disease area (1.2 mg/L).The prevalences of dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis are acceptable;it is recommended to maintain the previous prevention and control policies and to further monitor the tea market.

This study is to investigate the effects of cisplatin combined with heparanase inhibitor OGT2115 on proliferation, invasion and migration of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells CNE-2 and to provide a new target for the treatment of metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. MTT assay was used to detect the cell viability of CNE-2 after exposure to different concentrations of DDP (2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 micromol x L(-1)), different concentrations of OGT2115 (0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2 and 6.4 micromol x L(-1)), and DDP combined with OGT2115. Transwell assay was applied to analyze the effects of drugs on invasion and migration of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Wound healing assay was performed to detect cell migration and heparanase activity was analyzed by ELISA. MTT results showed that DDP can inhibit the proliferation of CNE-2 cells in a time and concentration-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 24.03 micromol x L(-1) at 24 h (P < 0.05), low concentration of DDP has almost no inhibitory effect on cell invasion and migration. DDP combined with OGT2115 can significantly inhibit cell invasion and migration. Inhibition of heparanase can significantly enhance anti-invasion and anti-proliferation of DDP.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of small interfering RNA-mediated glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) knockdown on the chemosensitivity of breast cancer cells to cisplatin.

METHODSHuman breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 was exposed to different doses of cisplatin (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 µmol/L), and the changes in cell viability were detected using MTT assay. PI/Annexin V staining was used to observe the apoptosis of the cells in response to transfection with a small interfering RNA targeting GRP78 (pSH1Si-GRP78). Western blotting was employed to detect GRP78 expression in pSH1Si- GRP78-transfected cells after exposure to 8 µmol/L cisplatin for 24, 48 and 72 h.

RESULTSExposure of the cells to 8 µmol/L cisplatin for 24, 48 and 72 h resulted in a cell survival rate of 83.13%, 54.22% and 35.79%, respectively, but the cell apoptosis rate was only 10.8% at 24 h. Transfection of MDA-MB-231 cells with pSH1Si-GRP78 caused a cell apoptosis rate of 24.6%, which increased to 48.9% in cells with both pSH1Si-GRP78 transfection and cisplatin exposure. Cisplatin exposure caused an initial up-regulation followed then by a down-regulation of GRP78 expression in MDA-MB-231 cells, while pSH1Si-GRP78 transfection produced an obvious down-regulation of GRP78 expression.

CONCLUSIONSInhibition of GRP78 expression increases the apoptosis and enhance cisplatin chemosensitivity of breast cancer cells in vitro, suggesting the value of GRP78 as a potential therapeutic target in the clinical treatment of breast cancer.

Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Survival ; Cisplatin ; pharmacology ; Female ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Heat-Shock Proteins ; metabolism ; Humans ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Transfection

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of small interfering RNA-mediated receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1) knockdown on the sensitivity of human oral squamous carcinoma cells to to oxaliplatin (L-OHP)-induced apoptosis and explore a new target for clinical treatment of oral squamous carcinoma.

METHODSThe viability of human oral squamous carcinoma cell line KB exposed to different concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 µmol/L) of L-OHP were detected by MTT assay. PI/Annexin V staining was used to observe cell apoptosis in naive KB cells, cell and transfected with pSH1Si-RIP1 or with the empty plasmid. Western blotting was used to detect RIP1 expression in KB cells exposed to L-OHP and in cells transfected with pSH1Si-RIP1.

RESULTSExposure to L-OHP (1µmol/L) for 24, 48, 72 h resulted in KB cell survival rates of 67.66%, 55.17%, and 41.34%, respectively, but the cell apoptosis rate was only 9.6% following a 24-h exposure. KB cells transfected with pSH1Si-RIP1 showed an apoptotic rate of 9.4%, which increased to 29.1% following L-OHP exposure. RIP1 expression was first up-regulated and then down-regulated in KB cells treated with L-OHP, and was significantly reduced after cell transfection with pSH1Si-RIP1.

CONCLUSIONSuppression of RIP1 expression increases the apoptotic rate of human oral squamous carcinoma cells, suggesting the potential of RIP1 as a new candidate target for clinical treatment of oral squamous carcinoma.

Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; genetics ; pathology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Humans ; Mouth Neoplasms ; genetics ; pathology ; Organoplatinum Compounds ; pharmacology ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Small Interfering ; genetics ; Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases ; genetics ; Transfection

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) in enhancing the sensitivity of oral cancer cells to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis.

METHODSThe oral cancer cell line KB was incubated in the presence of different concentrations (0, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 mmol/L) of 2-DG with or without TRAIL (200 ng/ml). The cell viability was measured using MTT assay and cell apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry with propidium iodide (PI) staining. KB cells treated with 5 mmol/L 2-DG with or without TRAIL for 0, 6, 16, or 24 h were examined with Western blotting for protein expressions of death receptor 5 (DR5) and caspase-3.

RESULTSTreatment of the cells with 5 mmol/L 2-DG for 24, 48 and 72 h resulted in a cell viability of 25.25%, 69.06%, and 59.19%, respectively. Combined treatment with 5 mmol/L 2-DG with TRAIL for 24 significantly enhanced the cell apoptotic rate (72.5%) as compared to the rate induced by TRAIL alone (45.3%) and by 2-DG (15.9%) alone. 2-DG treatment markedly up-regulated DR5 and caspase-3 expression and enhanced the inhibitory effect of TRAIL on cell colony formation.

CONCLUSION2-DG sensitizes oral cancer cells to TRAIL- induced apoptosis by up-regulating DR5 and caspase-3 expressions.

Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Caspase 3 ; metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Deoxyglucose ; pharmacology ; Drug Synergism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Humans ; Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand ; metabolism ; TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) combined with paclitaxel (PTX) on the invasiveness and migration of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and explore the molecular mechanisms.

METHODSMTT assay was used to detect the growth inhibition induced by LMWH and PTX in CNE1 and CNE2 cells. Wound healing assay and Transwell migration assay were employed to assess the effects of the drugs on the cell migration, and Transwell invasion assay was used to evaluate the cell invasiveness. The cellular expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) were analyzed by Western blotting. ELISA was used to determine the expression of heparanase (HPA) in the culture medium of the cells.

RESULTSMTT assay showed an obvious suppression of CNE1 and CNE2 cell proliferation in response to LMWH and PTX treatments. Treatment with 200 U·ml LMWH combined with 0.1 µmol·L PTX for 24 h resulted in the inhibition rates of migration of 66.70% and 70.53% in CNE1 and CNE2 cells, respectively significantly higher than the rates in cells with PTX treatment alone. The combined treatment with LMWH and PTX for 24 h also caused a significantly higher inhibition rate of cell invasion than LMWH and PTX alone. LMWH enhanced the down-regulation of MMP-9 and HPA induced by PTX.

CONCLUSIONLMWH can enhance the inhibitory effect of PTX on the migration and invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, the mechanism of which may involve the down-regulation of MMP-9 and HPA expressions.

Carcinoma ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Movement ; drug effects ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Glucuronidase ; metabolism ; Heparin Lyase ; metabolism ; Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 ; metabolism ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ; pathology ; Paclitaxel ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 ; metabolism