Objective To analyze the correlations of autoimmune diseases(AIDs)with the risk of developing pancreatic endocrine and exocrine diseases.Methods A total of 451,497 participants from the UK Biobank were recruited,with the primary outcomes being pancreatic endocrine and exo-crine diseases.International Classification of Diseases 9/10(ICD9/10)codes were used to define each AIDs,the pancreatic endocrine and exocrine diseases.Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were employed to assess the relationships between AIDs and pancreatic endocrine and exocrine diseases,with adjustments for age,gender,ethnicity,Townsend deprivation index,smoking,alcohol consumption,body mass index,waist circumference,hip circumference,hypertension,dyslipidemia,and gallstones.Results A total of 415,497 participants were included,among which 37,482 de-veloped pancreas-related diseases during follow-up.Among patients with AIDs,the proportions of those with pancreatic exocrine and endocrine diseases were significantly increased(P＜0.05).Rheumatoid arthritis[HR(95％CI):1.438(1.161 to 1.781)],ankylosing spondylitis[HR(95％CI):1.675(1.009 to 2.780)],ulcerative colitis[HR(95％CI):1.335(1.037 to 1.719)],and Crohn's disease[HR(95％CI):1.530(1.154 to 2.028)]were all associated with an increased risk of de-veloping pancreatic exocrine diseases(all P＜0.05);additionally,rheumatoid arthritis[HR(95％CI):1.119(1.004 to 1.248)],ulcerative colitis[HR(95％CI):1.324(1.175 to 1.491)],sys-temic sclerosis[HR(95％CI):2.08(1.355 to 3.191)],and Crohn's disease[HR(95％CI):1.394(1.197 to 1.624)]were also associated with an increased risk of developing pancreatic en-docrine diseases(all P＜0.05).Conclusion Overall AIDs and some specific AIDs are associated with an increased risk of developing pancreatic endocrine and exocrine diseases,and early preven-tion of pancreatic diseases in patients with AIDs should be emphasized in clinical practice.

Protrusive facial deformities, characterized by the forward displacement of the teeth and/or jaws beyond the normal range, affect a considerable portion of the population. The manifestations and morphological mechanisms of protrusive facial deformities are complex and diverse, requiring orthodontists to possess a high level of theoretical knowledge and practical experience in the relevant orthodontic field. To further optimize the correction of protrusive facial deformities, this consensus proposes that the morphological mechanisms and diagnosis of protrusive facial deformities should be analyzed and judged from multiple dimensions and factors to accurately formulate treatment plans. It emphasizes the use of orthodontic strategies, including jaw growth modification, tooth extraction or non-extraction for anterior teeth retraction, and maxillofacial vertical control. These strategies aim to reduce anterior teeth and lip protrusion, increase chin prominence, harmonize nasolabial and chin-lip relationships, and improve the facial profile of patients with protrusive facial deformities. For severe skeletal protrusive facial deformities, orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment may be suggested. This consensus summarizes the theoretical knowledge and clinical experience of numerous renowned oral experts nationwide, offering reference strategies for the correction of protrusive facial deformities.
Humans ; Orthodontics, Corrective/methods* ; Consensus ; Malocclusion/therapy* ; Patient Care Planning ; Cephalometry

Enamel demineralization, the formation of white spot lesions, is a common issue in clinical orthodontic treatment. The appearance of white spot lesions not only affects the texture and health of dental hard tissues but also impacts the health and aesthetics of teeth after orthodontic treatment. The prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of white spot lesions that occur throughout the orthodontic treatment process involve multiple dental specialties. This expert consensus will focus on providing guiding opinions on the management and prevention of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment, advocating for proactive prevention, early detection, timely treatment, scientific follow-up, and multidisciplinary management of white spot lesions throughout the orthodontic process, thereby maintaining the dental health of patients during orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Consensus ; Dental Caries/etiology* ; Dental Enamel/pathology* ; Tooth Demineralization/etiology* ; Tooth Remineralization

The prevalence of Class III malocclusion varies among different countries and regions. The populations from Southeast Asian countries (Chinese and Malaysian) showed the highest prevalence rate of 15.8%, which can seriously affect oral function, facial appearance, and mental health. As anterior crossbite tends to worsen with growth, early orthodontic treatment can harness growth potential to normalize maxillofacial development or reduce skeletal malformation severity, thereby reducing the difficulty and shortening the treatment cycle of later-stage treatment. This is beneficial for the physical and mental growth of children. Therefore, early orthodontic treatment for Class III malocclusion is particularly important. Determining the optimal timing for early orthodontic treatment requires a comprehensive assessment of clinical manifestations, dental age, and skeletal age, and can lead to better results with less effort. Currently, standardized treatment guidelines for early orthodontic treatment of Class III malocclusion are lacking. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the etiology, clinical manifestations, classification, and early orthodontic techniques for Class III malocclusion, along with systematic discussions on selecting early treatment plans. The purpose of this expert consensus is to standardize clinical practices and improve the treatment outcomes of Class III malocclusion through early orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Malocclusion, Angle Class III/classification* ; Orthodontics, Corrective/methods* ; Consensus ; Child

Objective:To measure the length and curvature of the external auditory canal (EAC) centerline using a three-dimensional (3D) measurement method based on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT).Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on HRCT images of healthy EAC from 49 patients (64 ears) examined at the Sixth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital from June to October 2024. The cohort included 25 males (28 ears) and 24 females (36 ears), aged 22-78 years (mean age 47.3 years), categorized into age groups: 18-30 years (20 ears), 31-60 years (22 ears), and 61-80 years (22 ears). The EAC comprised 29 left and 35 right ears. 3D reconstruction of the EAC was performed using medical software (3D Slicer), and the central curve of the EAC was extracted using an improved measurement method to determine its length and curvature. Statistical analysis was performed using Origin Pro 2023 software to compare differences across genders, sides, and age groups.Results:The measurements of EAC length and curvature revealed that the EAC was significantly longer in males than in females (27.46 mm vs. 25.44 mm, P=0.014) and longer on the right side than on the left (27.99 mm vs. 25.87 mm, P=0.031). No statistically significant difference in EAC length was observed among the different age groups ( P>0.05). Furthermore, no statistically significant differences in EAC curvature were found regarding gender, side, or age group (all P>0.05). Conclusion:The HRCT-based 3D reconstruction technique enables the establishment of a rapid and effective automated workflow for extracting the central curve of the EAC and systematically measuring its length and curvature. The data obtained provide a reference and methodological support for further research on anatomical variations of the human EAC and its potential clinical applications, such as the design of otological instruments or surgical planning.

Objective:To establish a method for detecting serum non-ceruloplasmin-bound copper (NCC) by immunoprecipitation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (IP-ICP-MS) and evaluate its clinical application.Methods:Methodological evaluation research. Immunoprecipitation was first used to separate serum ceruloplasmin, followed by detection of serum NCC levels using ICP-MS. Two levels of quality control serum were reconstituted to determine the limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), accuracy, and precision of the self-developed method. The serum samples of 131 healthy individuals (healthy group) and 69 first-time diagnosed Wilson′s disease (WD) patients(WD group) from November 2023 to June 2024 in the Affiliated Hospital of Institute of Neurology, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine were collected. Using self-developed method detected the serum NCC levels, established the healthy reference intervals, and NCC levels between the two groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results:The calibration curve exhibited excellent lineary across the concentration range of 1.562 to 300.000 μg/L, as demonstrated by coefficient of determination ( R2) of 0.999. The self-developed NCC method exhibited that the LOD was 0.99 μg/L, the LOQ was 3.29 μg/L, the accuracy (spike and recovery experience) was 87.67%?106.27%, and the intra-batch and inter-batch imprecision expressed as coefficient of variation ( CV) was 2.8%?7.3%, and the healthy reference range was 34.31-71.79 μg/L. The serum NCC levels in the WD group were 102.39 (74.38, 144.04) μg/L, which was significantly higher than those in healthy group (51.45±10.34) μg/L ( Z=?7.967, P<0.01). Conclusions:The established IP-ICP-MS method for detecting serum NCC meets the required analytical performance criteria. It is simply operative, highly sensitive, and provides accurate and reliable results, which could be used for clinical detection.

This study aims to explore different construction methods for animal models of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)syndromes and their advantages and disadvantages,to propose optimization strategies for existing problems in current construction methods,and to provide reference for constructing animal models of TCM syndromes that both preserve the essence of TCM syndromes and conform to modern scientific research standards.Using"traditional Chinese medicine","syndrome",and"animal model"as key words,articles related to animal models of TCM syndromes from CNKI,Wanfang,and VIP databases are searched and reviewed.Then the theoretical basis,technical characteristics,and existing problems of the main construction methods of current TCM syndrome animal models are systematically sorted out,and corresponding optimization measures are proposed for the existing problems.The construction methods of TCM syndrome animal models include TCM etiology and pathogenesis construction,modern medical etiology and pathology construction,and integration of TCM and Western medicine for diseases and syndromes.The TCM etiology and pathogenesis construction method is guided by a holistic perspective,constructing syndrome models by simulating external factors such as six pathogenic factors and emotional disorders.Although it conforms to TCM theoretical connotation and has simple operation and strong controllability,this method has problems such as low modeling success rate and poor etiology-syndrome fit.The modern medical etiology and pathology construction method is based on microscopic pathological mechanisms,adopting highly controllable technical means such as drug intervention and surgical modeling.Although it has the characteristics of clear objective indicators and excellent reproducibility,this method has defects such as deviation from the essence of TCM"syndrome"and insufficient safety.The integrated TCM-Western medicine disease-syndrome method shows significant complementarity in syndrome essence restoration degree and technical feasibility,achieves systematic integration of TCM basic theories and clinical syndrome differentiation thinking in methodology,and integrates the objective evaluation system of modern medicine,improving the clinical consistency between Western medicine pathological mechanisms and TCM syndrome evolution patterns.However,this method still faces common challenges such as ambiguous syndrome identification standards and distortion of disease progression simulation.The construction of TCM syndrome animal models faces challenges such as poor theoretical adaptability and poor technical standardization,but has irreplaceable value in verifying the efficacy of prescriptions and promoting the internationalization of TCM.In the future,the construction of TCM syndrome animal models should be optimized through measures such as optimizing animal selection,improving the theoretical basis of preparation methods,standardizing the setting of modeling factors,and clarifying the standard for modeling success.

Objective:To establish a method for detecting serum non-ceruloplasmin-bound copper (NCC) by immunoprecipitation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (IP-ICP-MS) and evaluate its clinical application.Methods:Methodological evaluation research. Immunoprecipitation was first used to separate serum ceruloplasmin, followed by detection of serum NCC levels using ICP-MS. Two levels of quality control serum were reconstituted to determine the limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), accuracy, and precision of the self-developed method. The serum samples of 131 healthy individuals (healthy group) and 69 first-time diagnosed Wilson′s disease (WD) patients(WD group) from November 2023 to June 2024 in the Affiliated Hospital of Institute of Neurology, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine were collected. Using self-developed method detected the serum NCC levels, established the healthy reference intervals, and NCC levels between the two groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results:The calibration curve exhibited excellent lineary across the concentration range of 1.562 to 300.000 μg/L, as demonstrated by coefficient of determination ( R2) of 0.999. The self-developed NCC method exhibited that the LOD was 0.99 μg/L, the LOQ was 3.29 μg/L, the accuracy (spike and recovery experience) was 87.67%?106.27%, and the intra-batch and inter-batch imprecision expressed as coefficient of variation ( CV) was 2.8%?7.3%, and the healthy reference range was 34.31-71.79 μg/L. The serum NCC levels in the WD group were 102.39 (74.38, 144.04) μg/L, which was significantly higher than those in healthy group (51.45±10.34) μg/L ( Z=?7.967, P<0.01). Conclusions:The established IP-ICP-MS method for detecting serum NCC meets the required analytical performance criteria. It is simply operative, highly sensitive, and provides accurate and reliable results, which could be used for clinical detection.

Objective:To measure the length and curvature of the external auditory canal (EAC) centerline using a three-dimensional (3D) measurement method based on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT).Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on HRCT images of healthy EAC from 49 patients (64 ears) examined at the Sixth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital from June to October 2024. The cohort included 25 males (28 ears) and 24 females (36 ears), aged 22-78 years (mean age 47.3 years), categorized into age groups: 18-30 years (20 ears), 31-60 years (22 ears), and 61-80 years (22 ears). The EAC comprised 29 left and 35 right ears. 3D reconstruction of the EAC was performed using medical software (3D Slicer), and the central curve of the EAC was extracted using an improved measurement method to determine its length and curvature. Statistical analysis was performed using Origin Pro 2023 software to compare differences across genders, sides, and age groups.Results:The measurements of EAC length and curvature revealed that the EAC was significantly longer in males than in females (27.46 mm vs. 25.44 mm, P=0.014) and longer on the right side than on the left (27.99 mm vs. 25.87 mm, P=0.031). No statistically significant difference in EAC length was observed among the different age groups ( P>0.05). Furthermore, no statistically significant differences in EAC curvature were found regarding gender, side, or age group (all P>0.05). Conclusion:The HRCT-based 3D reconstruction technique enables the establishment of a rapid and effective automated workflow for extracting the central curve of the EAC and systematically measuring its length and curvature. The data obtained provide a reference and methodological support for further research on anatomical variations of the human EAC and its potential clinical applications, such as the design of otological instruments or surgical planning.

Objective:To investigate the therapeutic effects of adeno-associated virus vector 5 (AAV5)-mediated hepatic lipoprotein lipase (LPL) expression on serum triglyceride (TG) metabolism and hypertriglyceridemic acute pancreatitis (HTG-AP) in mice.Methods:Ten male C57BL/6 Lpl+/- mice were randomly divided into two groups by a random number table: the Lpl+/- control group and the Lpl+/- gene therapy group, with five mice in each group. The Lpl+/- control group received a tail vein injection of AAV5 vector carrying the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene (AAV5-EGFP), while the Lpl+/- gene therapy group received a tail vein injection of AAV5 vector carrying the human LPLS447X gene (AAV5-LPLS447X). Oral fat tolerance tests were performed at 14, 28, and 56 days post-injection. Twenty wild-type ICR mice were randomly divided into a control group and a gene therapy group, with ten mice in each group. The ICR control group was injected with AAV5-EGFP, and the ICR gene therapy group was injected with AAV5-LPLS447X. Fourteen days after injection, the mice underwent intraperitoneal injection of P407 solution (0.5 g/kg) and caerulein (200 μg/kg) to induce HTG-AP. Serum TG, total cholesterol (TC), amylase, lipase levels, and plasma LPL activity after heparin injection were measured by microplate reader. Plasma LPL concentration was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). LPL mRNA expression levels in the liver, heart, and adipose tissue of Lpl+/- mice were determined by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). LPL protein expression in the liver tissue of ICR mice was detected by immunohistochemistry at 28 days after gene therapy. Histopathological changes in the pancreas were observed using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Results:Compared to the Lpl+/- control group, the Lpl+/- gene therapy group showed a significant decrease in serum TG levels starting from day 21. After oral administration of olive oil, the increase and peak of serum TG levels were significantly lower than those in the control group. Furthermore, hepatic LPL mRNA expression levels were significantly higher (1.96±0.11 vs 1.02±0.12) with statistical significance ( P<0.05). Compared to the ICR control group, the ICR gene therapy group showed a significant decrease in serum TG and TC levels, and plasma LPL activity (0.17±0.05 mEq/L·h -1vs 0.06±0.02 mEq/L·h -1) was significantly higher at 28 days after heparin injection with statistical significance (all P value <0.05). Immunohistochemical results showed high expression of LPL protein on the hepatocyte membrane in the liver of ICR gene therapy group mice. Moreover, pancreatic edema, inflammatory infiltration, and acinar cell necrosis were significantly alleviated compared to the control group. Conclusions:LPLS447X treatment can promote LPL expression in the liver of mice, significantly reduce TG levels, and alleviate the severity of HTG-AP.