Protrusive facial deformities, characterized by the forward displacement of the teeth and/or jaws beyond the normal range, affect a considerable portion of the population. The manifestations and morphological mechanisms of protrusive facial deformities are complex and diverse, requiring orthodontists to possess a high level of theoretical knowledge and practical experience in the relevant orthodontic field. To further optimize the correction of protrusive facial deformities, this consensus proposes that the morphological mechanisms and diagnosis of protrusive facial deformities should be analyzed and judged from multiple dimensions and factors to accurately formulate treatment plans. It emphasizes the use of orthodontic strategies, including jaw growth modification, tooth extraction or non-extraction for anterior teeth retraction, and maxillofacial vertical control. These strategies aim to reduce anterior teeth and lip protrusion, increase chin prominence, harmonize nasolabial and chin-lip relationships, and improve the facial profile of patients with protrusive facial deformities. For severe skeletal protrusive facial deformities, orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment may be suggested. This consensus summarizes the theoretical knowledge and clinical experience of numerous renowned oral experts nationwide, offering reference strategies for the correction of protrusive facial deformities.
Humans ; Orthodontics, Corrective/methods* ; Consensus ; Malocclusion/therapy* ; Patient Care Planning ; Cephalometry

Enamel demineralization, the formation of white spot lesions, is a common issue in clinical orthodontic treatment. The appearance of white spot lesions not only affects the texture and health of dental hard tissues but also impacts the health and aesthetics of teeth after orthodontic treatment. The prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of white spot lesions that occur throughout the orthodontic treatment process involve multiple dental specialties. This expert consensus will focus on providing guiding opinions on the management and prevention of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment, advocating for proactive prevention, early detection, timely treatment, scientific follow-up, and multidisciplinary management of white spot lesions throughout the orthodontic process, thereby maintaining the dental health of patients during orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Consensus ; Dental Caries/etiology* ; Dental Enamel/pathology* ; Tooth Demineralization/etiology* ; Tooth Remineralization

The prevalence of Class III malocclusion varies among different countries and regions. The populations from Southeast Asian countries (Chinese and Malaysian) showed the highest prevalence rate of 15.8%, which can seriously affect oral function, facial appearance, and mental health. As anterior crossbite tends to worsen with growth, early orthodontic treatment can harness growth potential to normalize maxillofacial development or reduce skeletal malformation severity, thereby reducing the difficulty and shortening the treatment cycle of later-stage treatment. This is beneficial for the physical and mental growth of children. Therefore, early orthodontic treatment for Class III malocclusion is particularly important. Determining the optimal timing for early orthodontic treatment requires a comprehensive assessment of clinical manifestations, dental age, and skeletal age, and can lead to better results with less effort. Currently, standardized treatment guidelines for early orthodontic treatment of Class III malocclusion are lacking. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the etiology, clinical manifestations, classification, and early orthodontic techniques for Class III malocclusion, along with systematic discussions on selecting early treatment plans. The purpose of this expert consensus is to standardize clinical practices and improve the treatment outcomes of Class III malocclusion through early orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Malocclusion, Angle Class III/classification* ; Orthodontics, Corrective/methods* ; Consensus ; Child

With the growing emphasis on maternal and child oral health, the significance of managing oral health across preconception, pregnancy, and infancy stages has become increasingly apparent. Oral health challenges extend beyond affecting maternal well-being, exerting profound influences on fetal and neonatal oral development as well as immune system maturation. This expert consensus paper, developed using a modified Delphi method, reviews current research and provides recommendations on maternal and child oral health management. It underscores the critical role of comprehensive oral assessments prior to conception, diligent oral health management throughout pregnancy, and meticulous oral hygiene practices during infancy. Effective strategies should be seamlessly integrated across the life course, encompassing preconception oral assessments, systematic dental care during pregnancy, and routine infant oral hygiene. Collaborative efforts among pediatric dentists, maternal and child health workers, and obstetricians are crucial to improving outcomes and fostering clinical research, contributing to evidence-based health management strategies.
Humans ; Pregnancy ; Female ; Infant ; Consensus ; Mouth Diseases/therapy* ; Pregnancy Complications/therapy* ; Oral Health ; Infant, Newborn ; Delphi Technique ; Oral Hygiene

Microglia, the resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS), rapidly transition from a resting to an active state in the acute phase of ischemic brain injury. This active state mediates a pro-inflammatory response that can exacerbate the injury. Targeting the pro-inflammatory response of microglia in the semi-dark band during this acute phase may effectively reduce brain injury. Shionone (SH), an active ingredient extracted from the dried roots and rhizomes of the genus Aster (Asteraceae), has been reported to regulate the inflammatory response of macrophages in sepsis-induced acute lung injury. However, its function in post-stroke neuroinflammation, particularly microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, remains uninvestigated. This study found that SH significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced elevation of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), in microglia in vitro. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that SH alleviated infarct volume and improved behavioral performance in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mice, which may be attributed to the inhibition of the microglial inflammatory response induced by SH treatment. Mechanistically, SH potently inhibited the phosphorylation of serine-threonine protein kinase B (AKT), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). These findings suggest that SH may be a potential therapeutic agent for relieving ischemic stroke (IS) by alleviating microglia-associated neuroinflammation.
Animals ; Microglia/immunology* ; Mice ; Male ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Brain Ischemia/immunology* ; Neuroinflammatory Diseases/drug therapy* ; Neuroprotective Agents/administration & dosage* ; Interleukin-1beta/genetics* ; STAT3 Transcription Factor/genetics* ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics* ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/immunology* ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/genetics* ; Lipopolysaccharides

This study investigated the regulatory potential of salidroside (SAL), a primary active compound in Rhodiola rosea L., on osteoclast differentiation by modulating the hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1a) pathway in osteoblasts. Luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay were employed to validate whether the receptor activator of nuclear factor-?B ligand (RANKL) is the downstream target gene of HIF-1a in osteoblasts. The study also utilized lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse osteolysis to examine the impact of SAL on osteolysis in vivo. Furthermore, conditioned medium (CM) from SAL-pretreated osteoblasts was used to investigate the paracrine effects on osteoclastogenesis through the HIF-1a pathway. Hypoxic condition-induced overexpression of HIF-1a upregulated RANKL levels by binding to the RANKL promoter and enhancing transcription in osteoblastic cells. In vivo, SAL significantly alleviated bone tissue hypoxia and decreased the expression of HIF-1a by downregulating the expression of RANKL, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4). In the paracrine experiment, conditioned media from SAL-pretreated osteoblasts inhibited differentiation through the HIF-1a/RANKL, VEGF, IL-6, and ANGPTL4 pathways. RANKL emerges as the downstream target gene regulated by HIF-1a in osteoblasts. SAL significantly alleviates bone tissue hypoxia and bone loss in LPS-induced osteolysis through the HIF-1a/RANKL, VEGF, IL-6, and ANGPTL4 pathways. SAL inhibits osteoclast differentiation by regulating osteoblast paracrine secretion.
Animals ; Osteoblasts/cytology* ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics* ; Glucosides/administration & dosage* ; Cell Differentiation/drug effects* ; Phenols/administration & dosage* ; Mice ; Osteoclasts/metabolism* ; RANK Ligand/genetics* ; Rhodiola/chemistry* ; Osteogenesis/drug effects* ; Signal Transduction/drug effects* ; Interleukin-6/genetics* ; Male ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Osteolysis/genetics* ; Humans ; Mice, Inbred C57BL

Objective To explore the preference of medical staff in public hospitals for various incentive factors,and to provide theoretical basis for the hospital to formulate a reasonable incentive system and stimulate the enthusiasm of medical staff.Methods Based on the discrete choice experiment,it was conducted from March 2023 to June 2023,through the method of multistage stratified random sampling,the medical staff of a general hospital,a Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital and a maternal and child health hospital in one city in the east,west,south,north and middle of Hainan Province were investigated by questionnaire,and analyzed their incentive preference and willingness to pay by using the mixed logit model.Results All the six attributes have significant influence on medical staff's incentive preference,among which,medical staff prefer to choose the incentive effect brought by the annual salary of 350 000 yuan,good working atmosphere and working intensity of 8 hours,while hospital development has little influence on incentive preference.Among the non-economic factors,when the working atmosphere changes from depression to good,they are willing to get an annual salary of 168 305.4 yuan less,while when the hospital development changes from nothing to good,they are only willing to get an annual salary of 12 433.14 yuan less.Conclusion According to the different incentive needs of medical staff,it is more helpful to formulate accurate incentive schemes and adopt economic and non-economic incentive means to stabilize the hospital talent team and improve work enthusiasm.

Objective To explore the preference of medical staff in public hospitals for various incentive factors,and to provide theoretical basis for the hospital to formulate a reasonable incentive system and stimulate the enthusiasm of medical staff.Methods Based on the discrete choice experiment,it was conducted from March 2023 to June 2023,through the method of multistage stratified random sampling,the medical staff of a general hospital,a Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital and a maternal and child health hospital in one city in the east,west,south,north and middle of Hainan Province were investigated by questionnaire,and analyzed their incentive preference and willingness to pay by using the mixed logit model.Results All the six attributes have significant influence on medical staff's incentive preference,among which,medical staff prefer to choose the incentive effect brought by the annual salary of 350 000 yuan,good working atmosphere and working intensity of 8 hours,while hospital development has little influence on incentive preference.Among the non-economic factors,when the working atmosphere changes from depression to good,they are willing to get an annual salary of 168 305.4 yuan less,while when the hospital development changes from nothing to good,they are only willing to get an annual salary of 12 433.14 yuan less.Conclusion According to the different incentive needs of medical staff,it is more helpful to formulate accurate incentive schemes and adopt economic and non-economic incentive means to stabilize the hospital talent team and improve work enthusiasm.

Objective To explore the preference of medical staff in public hospitals for various incentive factors,and to provide theoretical basis for the hospital to formulate a reasonable incentive system and stimulate the enthusiasm of medical staff.Methods Based on the discrete choice experiment,it was conducted from March 2023 to June 2023,through the method of multistage stratified random sampling,the medical staff of a general hospital,a Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital and a maternal and child health hospital in one city in the east,west,south,north and middle of Hainan Province were investigated by questionnaire,and analyzed their incentive preference and willingness to pay by using the mixed logit model.Results All the six attributes have significant influence on medical staff's incentive preference,among which,medical staff prefer to choose the incentive effect brought by the annual salary of 350 000 yuan,good working atmosphere and working intensity of 8 hours,while hospital development has little influence on incentive preference.Among the non-economic factors,when the working atmosphere changes from depression to good,they are willing to get an annual salary of 168 305.4 yuan less,while when the hospital development changes from nothing to good,they are only willing to get an annual salary of 12 433.14 yuan less.Conclusion According to the different incentive needs of medical staff,it is more helpful to formulate accurate incentive schemes and adopt economic and non-economic incentive means to stabilize the hospital talent team and improve work enthusiasm.

Objective To explore the preference of medical staff in public hospitals for various incentive factors,and to provide theoretical basis for the hospital to formulate a reasonable incentive system and stimulate the enthusiasm of medical staff.Methods Based on the discrete choice experiment,it was conducted from March 2023 to June 2023,through the method of multistage stratified random sampling,the medical staff of a general hospital,a Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital and a maternal and child health hospital in one city in the east,west,south,north and middle of Hainan Province were investigated by questionnaire,and analyzed their incentive preference and willingness to pay by using the mixed logit model.Results All the six attributes have significant influence on medical staff's incentive preference,among which,medical staff prefer to choose the incentive effect brought by the annual salary of 350 000 yuan,good working atmosphere and working intensity of 8 hours,while hospital development has little influence on incentive preference.Among the non-economic factors,when the working atmosphere changes from depression to good,they are willing to get an annual salary of 168 305.4 yuan less,while when the hospital development changes from nothing to good,they are only willing to get an annual salary of 12 433.14 yuan less.Conclusion According to the different incentive needs of medical staff,it is more helpful to formulate accurate incentive schemes and adopt economic and non-economic incentive means to stabilize the hospital talent team and improve work enthusiasm.