Owing to their high genetic and physiological similarities to humans,non-human primates(NHPs)have become pivotal animal models in life sciences research and biomedical development.NHP laboratory animals are not only an ideal platform for exploring the mechanisms of neurological diseases and infectious diseases,but they are also widely used in preclinical safety evaluations of macromolecular drugs,which are considered the"gold standard".Nevertheless,this biological similarity increases the risk of zoonotic disease transmission to personnel working with NHP laboratory animals,their tissues,and body fluids.In light of recent domestic and international outbreaks of zoonotic diseases as well as the implementation of the Biosafety Law,this study examines the occupational risk factors encountered by personnel working with NHPs.This includes biological,chemical,and physical factors.This paper also covers common zoonoses,classification of the corresponding pathogens,transmission routes,risk severity levels,and protocols for post-exposure management.A multidimensional prevention and control framework is proposed,which includes the following components.(1)Risk Assessment and Emergency Response:Regularly identify hazards through an Occupational Health and Safety Committee(OHSC)and develop post-exposure emergency protocols.(2)Optimization of Management Systems:Improve facility design,optimize the allocation of personal protective equipment,and enhance health surveillance and vaccination programs.(3)Technical Training and Standardized Operations:Provide specialized training in NHP laboratory animal ethology and biosafety practices.Additionally,implement intelligent monitoring technologies to reduce the occurrence of aggressive incidents.This paper outlines measures designed to enhance health and safety awareness among personnel working with NHP laboratory animals.It emphasizes the need for strengthened guidance on the use of personal protective equipment(PPE)and the standardization of professional operational practices.The goal is to safeguard personnel health and safety,reduce occupational exposure rates,and effectively prevent occupational diseases related to laboratory animals.

Owing to their high genetic and physiological similarities to humans,non-human primates(NHPs)have become pivotal animal models in life sciences research and biomedical development.NHP laboratory animals are not only an ideal platform for exploring the mechanisms of neurological diseases and infectious diseases,but they are also widely used in preclinical safety evaluations of macromolecular drugs,which are considered the"gold standard".Nevertheless,this biological similarity increases the risk of zoonotic disease transmission to personnel working with NHP laboratory animals,their tissues,and body fluids.In light of recent domestic and international outbreaks of zoonotic diseases as well as the implementation of the Biosafety Law,this study examines the occupational risk factors encountered by personnel working with NHPs.This includes biological,chemical,and physical factors.This paper also covers common zoonoses,classification of the corresponding pathogens,transmission routes,risk severity levels,and protocols for post-exposure management.A multidimensional prevention and control framework is proposed,which includes the following components.(1)Risk Assessment and Emergency Response:Regularly identify hazards through an Occupational Health and Safety Committee(OHSC)and develop post-exposure emergency protocols.(2)Optimization of Management Systems:Improve facility design,optimize the allocation of personal protective equipment,and enhance health surveillance and vaccination programs.(3)Technical Training and Standardized Operations:Provide specialized training in NHP laboratory animal ethology and biosafety practices.Additionally,implement intelligent monitoring technologies to reduce the occurrence of aggressive incidents.This paper outlines measures designed to enhance health and safety awareness among personnel working with NHP laboratory animals.It emphasizes the need for strengthened guidance on the use of personal protective equipment(PPE)and the standardization of professional operational practices.The goal is to safeguard personnel health and safety,reduce occupational exposure rates,and effectively prevent occupational diseases related to laboratory animals.

Objective To analyze the structural and phylogenetic characteristics of the mitochondrial genome from Bulinus globosus, so as to provide a theoretical basis for classification and identification of species within the Bulinus genus, and to provide insights into understanding of Bulinus-schistosomes interactions and the mechanisms of parasite transmission. Methods B. globosus samples were collected from the Ruya River basin in Zimbabwe. Mitochondrial DNA was extracted from B. globosus samples and the corresponding libraries were constructed for high-throughput sequencing on the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. After raw sequencing data were subjected to quality control using the fastp software, genome assembly was performed using the A5-miseq and SPAdes tools, and genome annotation was conducted using the MITOS online server. Circular maps and sequence plots of the mitochondrial genome were generated using the CGView and OGDRAW software, and the protein conservation motifs and structures were analyzed using the TBtools software. Base composition and codon usage bias were analyzed and visualized using the software MEGA X and the ggplot2 package in the R software. In addition, a phylogenetic tree was created in the software MEGA X after sequence alignment with the software MAFFT 7, and visualized using the software iTOL. Results The mitochondrial genome of B. globosus was a 13 730 bp double-stranded circular molecule, containing 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and 13 protein-coding genes, with a marked AT preference. The mitochondrial genome composition of B. globosus was similar to that of other species within the Bulinus genus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of B. globosus was clustered with B. truncatus, B. nasutus, and B. ugandae into the same evolutionary clade, and gene superfamily analysis showed that the metabolism-related proteins of B. globosus were highly conserved, notably the cytochrome c oxidase family, which showed a significant consistency. Conclusions This is the first whole mitochondrial genome sequencing to decode the compositional features of the mitochondrial genome of B. globosus from Zimbabwe and its evolutionary relationship within the Bulinus genus, which provides important insights for further understanding of the phylogeny and mitochondrial genome characteristics of the Bulinus genus.

Objective:This study aims to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Dibai Yijing Formula(DYF)in the treat-ment of male infertility with essence deficiency in the kidney and damp-heat in the essence chamber(Abbreviation:kidney deficiency and damp-heat type).Methods:This study employed a randomized,controlled clinical trial design,recruiting 72 male patients with infertility due to kidney deficiency and damp-heat type.Patients were randomly assigned to an treatment group(36 patients)and a control group(36 patients)using a random number table.The control group received oral Clomiphene Citrate Capsules(50 mg,twice daily),while the treatment group received oral DYF(one dose daily,200 ml each time,30 minutes after breakfast and dinner).Both groups underwent a 12-week treatment period.After treatment,sperm concentration(SC),percentage of progressively motile sperms(PR),total sperm motility[PR+percentage of non-progressively motile sperms(NP)],and semen volume(SV)were compared between the two groups before and after treatment.Additionally,the total score of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)syndrome score and sperm DNA fragmentation index(DFI)and pregnancy outcomes of the patients'spouses were compared between the two groups.Results:Three patients dropped out from the treatment group and four from the control group.There were no statistically sig-nificant differences in semen parameters between the two groups(P＞0.05).After treatment,the patients in the treatment group showed significant difference in the percentage of SC([19.42±5.30]x 106/ml vs[10.75±2.41]x 106/ml),PR([27.72±6.62]％vs[20.04±4.10]％),PR+NP([49.86±10.68]％vs(33.74±5.58)％],DFI([12.33±3.43]％vs[15.06±3.98]％)and TCM symtom score([7.45±1.82]vs[13.85±1.91]),and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).The patients in the control group showed significant difference in the percentage of SC([19.56±5.24]× 106/ml vs[11.31±2.08]× 106/ml)and TCM symptom score([12.81±1.86]vs[14.06±1.64]).But no significant changes were observed in the PR([21.75±5.93]％vs[20.05±4.67]％),PR+NP([34.23±7.15]％vs[32.35±4.09]％),SV([3.19±1.08]ml vs[3.12±1.13]ml),and DFI([15.11±4.76]％vs[15.51±4.35]％)were not statistically significant(P＞0.05).Improve-ments in PR,PR+NP,TCM symptom score and DFI in the treatment group were better than those in the control group after treatment(P＜0.05);the differences in SC and SV and spousal pregnancy in the treatment group were not statistically significant compared with those in the control group(P＞0.05).No serious adverse events occurred in both groups during the treatment period.Conclusion:The treatment of male infertility with DYF is effective and safe.

Objective To monitor the susceptibility of clinical isolates to antimicrobial agents in tertiary hospitals in major regions of China in 2022.Methods Clinical isolates from 58 hospitals in China were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using a unified protocol based on disc diffusion method or automated testing systems.Results were interpreted using the 2022 Clinical &Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI)breakpoints.Results A total of 318 013 clinical isolates were collected from January 1,2022 to December 31,2022,of which 29.5％were gram-positive and 70.5％were gram-negative.The prevalence of methicillin-resistant strains in Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species(excluding Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus schleiferi)was 28.3％,76.7％and 77.9％,respectively.Overall,94.0％of MRSA strains were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 90.8％of MRSE strains were susceptible to rifampicin.No vancomycin-resistant strains were found.Enterococcus faecalis showed significantly lower resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents tested than Enterococcus faecium.A few vancomycin-resistant strains were identified in both E.faecalis and E.faecium.The prevalence of penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae was 94.2％in the isolates from children and 95.7％in the isolates from adults.The resistance rate to carbapenems was lower than 13.1％in most Enterobacterales species except for Klebsiella,21.7％-23.1％of which were resistant to carbapenems.Most Enterobacterales isolates were highly susceptible to tigecycline,colistin and polymyxin B,with resistance rates ranging from 0.1％to 13.3％.The prevalence of meropenem-resistant strains decreased from 23.5％in 2019 to 18.0％in 2022 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa,and decreased from 79.0％in 2019 to 72.5％in 2022 in Acinetobacter baumannii.Conclusions The resistance of clinical isolates to the commonly used antimicrobial agents is still increasing in tertiary hospitals.However,the prevalence of important carbapenem-resistant organisms such as carbapenem-resistant K.pneumoniae,P.aeruginosa,and A.baumannii showed a downward trend in recent years.This finding suggests that the strategy of combining antimicrobial resistance surveillance with multidisciplinary concerted action works well in curbing the spread of resistant bacteria.

Objective To monitor the susceptibility of clinical isolates to antimicrobial agents in healthcare facilities in major regions of China in 2023.Methods Clinical isolates collected from 73 hospitals across China were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using a unified protocol based on disc diffusion method or automated testing systems.Results were interpreted using the 2023 Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) breakpoints.Results A total of 445199 clinical isolates were collected in 2023,of which 29.0％ were gram-positive and 71.0％ were gram-negative.The prevalence of methicillin-resistant strains in Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (excluding Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus schleiferi) (MRSA,MRSE and MRCNS) was 29.6％,81.9％ and 78.5％,respectively.Methicillin-resistant strains showed significantly higher resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents than methicillin-susceptible strains (MSSA,MSSE and MSCNS).Overall,92.9％ of MRSA strains were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 91.4％ of MRSE strains were susceptible to rifampicin.No vancomycin-resistant strains were found.Enterococcus faecalis had significantly lower resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents tested than Enterococcus faecium.A few vancomycin-resistant strains were identified in both E.faecalis and E.faecium.The prevalence of penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae was 93.1％ in the isolates from children and and 95.9％ in the isolates from adults.The resistance rate to carbapenems was lower than 15.0％ for most Enterobacterales species except for Klebsiella,22.5％ and 23.6％ of which were resistant to imipenem and meropenem,respectively .Most Enterobacterales isolates were highly susceptible to tigecycline,colistin and polymyxin B,with resistance rates ranging from 0.6％ to 10.0％.The resistance rate to imipenem and meropenem was 21.9％ and 17.4％ for Pseudomonas aeruginosa,respectively,and 67.5％ and 68.1％ for Acinetobacter baumannii,respectively.Conclusions Increasing resistance to the commonly used antimicrobial agents is still observed in clinical bacterial isolates.However,the prevalence of important crabapenem-resistant organisms such as crabapenem-resistant K.pneumoniae,P.aeruginosa,and A.baumannii showed a slightly decreasing trend.This finding suggests that strengthening bacterial resistance surveillance and multidisciplinary linkage are important for preventing the occurrence and development of bacterial resistance.

Objective To monitor the susceptibility of clinical isolates to antimicrobial agents in healthcare facilities in major regions of China in 2023.Methods Clinical isolates collected from 73 hospitals across China were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using a unified protocol based on disc diffusion method or automated testing systems.Results were interpreted using the 2023 Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) breakpoints.Results A total of 445199 clinical isolates were collected in 2023,of which 29.0％ were gram-positive and 71.0％ were gram-negative.The prevalence of methicillin-resistant strains in Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (excluding Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus schleiferi) (MRSA,MRSE and MRCNS) was 29.6％,81.9％ and 78.5％,respectively.Methicillin-resistant strains showed significantly higher resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents than methicillin-susceptible strains (MSSA,MSSE and MSCNS).Overall,92.9％ of MRSA strains were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 91.4％ of MRSE strains were susceptible to rifampicin.No vancomycin-resistant strains were found.Enterococcus faecalis had significantly lower resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents tested than Enterococcus faecium.A few vancomycin-resistant strains were identified in both E.faecalis and E.faecium.The prevalence of penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae was 93.1％ in the isolates from children and and 95.9％ in the isolates from adults.The resistance rate to carbapenems was lower than 15.0％ for most Enterobacterales species except for Klebsiella,22.5％ and 23.6％ of which were resistant to imipenem and meropenem,respectively .Most Enterobacterales isolates were highly susceptible to tigecycline,colistin and polymyxin B,with resistance rates ranging from 0.6％ to 10.0％.The resistance rate to imipenem and meropenem was 21.9％ and 17.4％ for Pseudomonas aeruginosa,respectively,and 67.5％ and 68.1％ for Acinetobacter baumannii,respectively.Conclusions Increasing resistance to the commonly used antimicrobial agents is still observed in clinical bacterial isolates.However,the prevalence of important crabapenem-resistant organisms such as crabapenem-resistant K.pneumoniae,P.aeruginosa,and A.baumannii showed a slightly decreasing trend.This finding suggests that strengthening bacterial resistance surveillance and multidisciplinary linkage are important for preventing the occurrence and development of bacterial resistance.

Trastuzumab deruxtecan(T-DXd)has demonstrated significant efficacy in clinical trials for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)-expressing breast cancer,gastric cancer,lung cancer and other solid tumors.Its overall safety profile is manageable and tolerable,including the clinically concerning interstitial lung disease(ILD).The etiology of ILD is varied,among which drug-induced ILD is an exclusionary diagnosis.The incidence of ILD caused by different antitumor drugs varies with different symptoms,and the pathogenesis remains unclear.T-DXd-induced ILD is mostly Grades 1-2,and implementing a standardized clinical management protocol can reduce the incidence of severe ILD events,improve patient prognosis,and help maximize the clinical benefits of T-DXd.This article summarized the epidemiology,etiology,risk factors,and potential mechanisms of drug-induced ILD,with a focus on the incidence,time to onset,and outcomes of T-DXd-induced ILD after standardized clinical management.It aimed to help readers understand the importance of standardized clinical management before and during T-DXd treatment.Regarding specific clinical management strategies,the article reviewed comprehensive management approaches for T-DXd-induced ILD based on clinical trial protocols and real-world experiences from both domestic and international perspectives,covering patient screening,patient education,ILD monitoring,diagnosis,and treatment.Before initiating T-DXd treatment,patient screening helps identify those at high risk for ILD,and T-DXd should be used cautiously in these high-risk patients.Effective patient education can enhance patient initiative,encouraging them to promptly report suspected symptoms,which contributes to early identification of ILD.During T-DXd treatment,it is important to regularly monitor symptoms and signs related to ILD,implement regular imaging monitoring and leverage multidisciplinary team collaboration to diagnose ILD as early as possible,thereby minimizing the risk of severe ILD.If symptoms or imaging suggest ILD,T-DXd treatment must be immediately interrupted,and relevant examinations should be completed to rule out other possible causes while considering corticosteroid treatment.Upon ILD diagnosis,subsequent T-DXd dose adjustments,corticosteroid therapy,and supportive treatments should be guided by severity.The article also explored whether patients with T-DXd-induced ILD can be re-treated,concluding that Grade 1 ILD patients might be eligible for re-treatment under specific conditions.In conclusion,the article reviewed the epidemiology,characteristics,clinical trial-recommended management strategies,and real-world management measures of T-DXd-induced ILD,integrating clinical expert experiences to summarize and discuss comprehensive management strategies for it.This aimed to enhance clinicians'understanding of T-DXd-induced ILD and provide valuable insights for early identification,timely diagnosis,and proper management of it.

Trastuzumab deruxtecan(T-DXd)has demonstrated significant efficacy in clinical trials for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)-expressing breast cancer,gastric cancer,lung cancer and other solid tumors.Its overall safety profile is manageable and tolerable,including the clinically concerning interstitial lung disease(ILD).The etiology of ILD is varied,among which drug-induced ILD is an exclusionary diagnosis.The incidence of ILD caused by different antitumor drugs varies with different symptoms,and the pathogenesis remains unclear.T-DXd-induced ILD is mostly Grades 1-2,and implementing a standardized clinical management protocol can reduce the incidence of severe ILD events,improve patient prognosis,and help maximize the clinical benefits of T-DXd.This article summarized the epidemiology,etiology,risk factors,and potential mechanisms of drug-induced ILD,with a focus on the incidence,time to onset,and outcomes of T-DXd-induced ILD after standardized clinical management.It aimed to help readers understand the importance of standardized clinical management before and during T-DXd treatment.Regarding specific clinical management strategies,the article reviewed comprehensive management approaches for T-DXd-induced ILD based on clinical trial protocols and real-world experiences from both domestic and international perspectives,covering patient screening,patient education,ILD monitoring,diagnosis,and treatment.Before initiating T-DXd treatment,patient screening helps identify those at high risk for ILD,and T-DXd should be used cautiously in these high-risk patients.Effective patient education can enhance patient initiative,encouraging them to promptly report suspected symptoms,which contributes to early identification of ILD.During T-DXd treatment,it is important to regularly monitor symptoms and signs related to ILD,implement regular imaging monitoring and leverage multidisciplinary team collaboration to diagnose ILD as early as possible,thereby minimizing the risk of severe ILD.If symptoms or imaging suggest ILD,T-DXd treatment must be immediately interrupted,and relevant examinations should be completed to rule out other possible causes while considering corticosteroid treatment.Upon ILD diagnosis,subsequent T-DXd dose adjustments,corticosteroid therapy,and supportive treatments should be guided by severity.The article also explored whether patients with T-DXd-induced ILD can be re-treated,concluding that Grade 1 ILD patients might be eligible for re-treatment under specific conditions.In conclusion,the article reviewed the epidemiology,characteristics,clinical trial-recommended management strategies,and real-world management measures of T-DXd-induced ILD,integrating clinical expert experiences to summarize and discuss comprehensive management strategies for it.This aimed to enhance clinicians'understanding of T-DXd-induced ILD and provide valuable insights for early identification,timely diagnosis,and proper management of it.

The threat of fungal diseases is increasingly rigorous. The clinically invasive fungal infections remain a main cause of morbidity and mortality in certain high-risk groups, especially in critical patients or immunocompromised patients. In drug therapy, the problems of off-target toxicity and antifungal drug resistance are still challenging. With the wide application of biomaterials and nanotechnology, more nanomedicine studies have been carried out on antifungal drugs, such as the amphotericin B liposome which greatly reduced the renal toxicity of drugs has been successfully marketed. For the unique physical and chemical properties, the nano-drug delivery system possessed great potential in improving the bioavailability, reducing the side effects of drugs, increasing the stability of drugs, and achieving cells or tissue-specificity through the modification. This review summarized the applications and limitations of antifungal drugs. Some nanomedicines were summarized in discussion oriented around the antifungal therapy, including liposomes, niosomes, lipid nanoparticles, polymer nanoparticles, microemulsion, dendrimers, inorganic nanocarriers. Nanotechnology and nano-drug delivery system provide promising strategies for the research and development of new formulations that can improve antifungal activity and possibly overcome antifungal drug resistance.