Objective: To understand the prevalence of dental caries and its influencing factors among primary and middle school students in the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (hereinafter referred to as "the Corps"), so as to provide a reference for formulating targeted prevention strategies and promoting oral health of primary and middle school students. Methods: Primary and middle school students in the Corps were selected as survey subjects by a multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling method in September 2023. Basic information and dietary behaviors were collected through questionnaire surveys, and dental caries status was examined by oral health technicians. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of dental caries among primary and middle school students. Results: A total of 80 370 primary and middle school students were investigated, including 40 582 males (50.49%) and 39 788 females (49.51%). There were 37 608 primary school students (46.79%), 34 612 junior high school students (43.07%), and 8 150 senior high school students (10.14%). There were 26 669 students with dental caries, with a prevalence rate of 33.18%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of dental caries was higher among female students (OR=1.170, 95%CI: 1.136-1.206), students in suburban counties (OR=1.212, 95%CI: 1.166-1.258), boarding students (OR=1.306, 95%CI: 1.257-1.357), and those with a frequency of fried food intake ≥1 time per day (OR=1.175, 95%CI: 1.084-1.273). Conversely, the risk of dental caries was lower among middle school students (OR=0.542, 95%CI: 0.524-0.560), high school students (OR=0.661, 95%CI: 0.620-0.705), and those with a frequency of vegetable intake ≥1 time per day (1 time per day, OR=0.900, 95%CI: 0.838-0.967), (≥2 time per day, OR=0.879, 95%CI: 0.819-0.944), and those who sometimes ate breakfast (OR=0.907, 95%CI: 0.874-0.942). Conclusions The prevalence of dental caries among primary and middle school students in the Corps is relatively high, and is influenced by various factors such as gender, school stage, area, boarding status, and dietary behaviors. It is suggested to strengthen oral health knowledge education among students, conduct regular oral health examinations, and improve the overall level of oral health.

ObjectiveTo investigate the present situation of input, output, outcome and impact of all registered community-based rehabilitation stations in Inner Mongolia in China, and analyze how the input predict the output, outcome and impact. MethodsFrom March 1st to April 30th, 2025, a questionnaire survey was conducted on all registered community-based rehabilitation stations in Inner Mongolia, covering four dimensions: input, output, outcome and impact. A total of 1 365 questionnaires were distributed. The input included four items: laws and policies, human resources, equipment and facilities, and rehabilitation information management. The output included two items: technical paths and benefits/effectiveness. The outcome included three items: coverage rates, rehabilitation interventions and functional results. The impact included two items: health and sustainability. Each item contained several questions, all of which were described in a positive way. Each question was scored from one to five. A lower score indicated that the situation of the community-based rehabilitation station was more in line with the content described in the question. Regression analysis was performed using the total score of each item of input dimension as independent variables, and the total scores of the output, outcome and impact dimensions as dependent variables. ResultsA total of 1 262 valid questionnaires were collected. The mean values of input, output, outcome and impact of community-based rehabilitation stations were 1.827 to 1.904, with coefficient of variation of 45.892% to 49.239%. The regression analysis showed that, rehabilitation information management, human resources, and laws and policies significantly predicted the output dimension (R² = 0.910, P < 0.001). Meanwhile, all four items in the input dimension predicted both the outcome (R² = 0.850, P < 0.001) and impact dimensions (R² = 0.833, P < 0.001). ConclusionInput, output, outcome and impact of the community-based rehabilitation stations in Inner Mongolia were generally in line with the content of the questions, although some imbalances were observed. Additionally, the input of community-based rehabilitation stations could significantly predict their output, outcome and impact.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of undernutrition and its associated factors among left behind and non left behind primary and secondary school students in the Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Education Students (NIPRCES) areas of central and western China, so as to provide evidence for improving the nutritional status of children and adolescents. Methods: A survey was conducted among 123 782 students selected by random cluster sampling method in grades 3-9 from NIPRCES in central (Hebei, Shanxi, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Anhui, Jiangxi, Henan, Hunan, Hubei, and Hainan) and western (Gansu, Guangxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Tibet, Shaanxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Xinjiang, the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Yunnan, Qinghai, and Chongqing) China in 2023. Anthropometric measurements and questionnaires were used to assess nutritional and dietary status. The prevalence of undernutrition was compared between left behind and non left behind students by Chi square test, and associated factors were analyzed by three level Logistic mixed effects model. Results: The prevalence of undernutrition was 8.5% (4 326) in left behind students and 8.1% (5 905) in non left behind students. Three level Logistic mixed effect model analysis showed that whether left behind or non left behind, the undernutrition rates of primary and secondary students in western regions were higher than those of students in central regions [ OR (95% CI )=1.72(1.57-1.87),2.25(2.07- 2.43 )]; the undernutrition risk was lower for those whose fathers had a cultural level of high school or above [ OR (95% CI )=0.69(0.62-0.77),0.90(0.82-0.98)] or junior high school [ OR (95% CI )=0.72(0.66-0.79),0.92(0.85-0.99)] compared to those with primary school or below; picky eating or selective eating increased the risk of undernutrition [ OR (95% CI )=2.36(2.07-2.68),2.28(2.04-2.55)], and primary and secondary school students without nutritional content in health education classes had higher rates of undernutrition [ OR (95% CI )=1.12(1.03-1.23),1.09(1.01-1.17)](all P <0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of undernutrition is slightly higher in left behind primary and secondary students than in non left behind primary and secondary students in central and western NIPRCES areas, with variations across different characteristics.

Objective: To characterize longitudinal trajectories of testicular development in boys and breast development in girls, so as to provide reference data for understanding patterns of pubertal sexual maturation. Methods: Based on the Shanghai Pudong New Area Cohort Study on Growth, Development and Health in Children and Adolescents, a baseline survey was conducted in 2020 using a mult stage cluster random sampling method. A total of 2 184 children who completed all follow ups during the primary school period from 13 elementary schools in Pudong New Area,Shanghai,with annual follow ups during 2021-2025. Testicular volume and Tanner stage of breast development were assessed by professional physicians using standardized visual inspection and palpation. The age distribution of testicular volume and breast development was fitted by using cumulative link mixed models and Turnbull s nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation method. Results: Median ages for testicular volumes of 2, 3, 4 and 5 mL in boys were 7.07, 9.24, 10.29, and 11.57 years old, respectively. Median ages for Tanner breast stages Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, and Ⅴ in girls were 8.55 , 10.17, 11.18, and 13.78 years old, respectively. Based on overweight and obesity, stratified analysis showed that earlier pubertal onset among overweight/obesity children, and the key milestones for pubertal initiation were testicular volume reaching 4 mL in boys and breast Tanner II in girls for 10.29, 10.83; 8.18, 9.00 years. Conclusion Overweight and obesity are associated with earlier pubertal initiation,but there are certain gender and developmental stage specific patterns.

AIM:To automatically identify and quantitatively assess myopia-related fundus structural changes by combining non-mydriatic color fundus photography with an artificial intelligence(AI)-powered quantitative fundus analysis system and to further analyze the correlations between these fundus parameters and spherical equivalent(SE), axial length(AL), and age, providing the objective basis for monitoring myopia progression and supporting the formulation of personalized myopia prevention and control strategies. METHODS:A cross-sectional study was conducted enrolling myopic patients aged 18-50 y who underwent myopia screening from March 2023 to December 2023. Patients were stratified into three groups based on SE: the -3.00 D

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the clinical features and management of two brothers affected with X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) deficiency. METHODS: This study retrospectively analyzed the clinical presentations, treatment, and follow-up of two brothers with XIAP deficiency diagnosed at Shanghai Children's Hospital in 2020, and summarized similar cases recorded in databases such as PubMed, Wanfang, Chinese Medical Association Journals, and WIP from January 2006 to November 2024. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of our hospital (Ethics No.: 2025R128-E01). RESULTS: Patient 1 was the younger brother, who presented at 8 years of age with growth retardation, folliculitis, erythema nodosum, and perineal abscess. Sequencing revealed that he has carried a hemizygous c.566T>C (p.Leu189Pro) variant of the XIAP gene, which was inherited from his mother. He was allergic to infliximab treatment and underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in January 2021. During a follow-up of 3 years and 10 months post-transplantation, he showed no gastrointestinal symptoms and had a good outcome. Patient 2 was the elder brother, who presented at 10 years and 6 months of age with growth retardation, rash, and anal fistula. Genetic testing revealed the same variant. He was treated with oral azathioprine but did not have regular follow-ups. At 14-years-and-6-months of age, he had developed severe gastrointestinal infection and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, which was alleviated after treatment with antibiotics, glucocorticoids, immunoglobulin, and rituximab. He is currently being prepared for HSCT. A total of 13 publications were retrieved, which involved 64 patients from 23 families, with 23 different variants identified. The main clinical manifestations included splenomegaly (34 cases, 53.1%), hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (27 cases, 42.2%), and inflammatory bowel disease or colitis (20 cases, 31.8%). There were significant phenotypic differences among patients from the same family. Thirteen patients (20.3%) underwent HSCT, with a survival rate of 61.5%. CONCLUSION For male children with early onset, poor treatment response, especially those with unexplained splenomegaly and IBD-like symptoms, early genetic testing is recommended. HSCT is a safe and effective treatment for XIAP deficiency. For patients with developmental delay, early onset, and severe IBD phenotype, early transplantation is recommended.
Humans ; Male ; X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein/deficiency* ; Child ; Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/therapy* ; Phenotype ; Siblings ; Retrospective Studies ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

To systematically analyzed the reporting status of core elements in publicly available clinical practice guideline(hereafter referred to as "guideline") protocols published domestically and internationally over the past decade, identified existing problems, and provided evidence to inform the standardized writing and publication of future guideline protocols.

AIM:To compare the efficacy of 0.01% and 0.05% atropine eye drops in controlling myopia in adolescents.METHODS:A total of 108 adolescents with myopia admitted to our hospital from October 2021 to February 2023 were selected and randomly divided into 54 cases each in the observation group and the control group. All patients wore full-corrected monofocal frame glasses for the correction of refractive error. Patients in the control group used 0.01% atropine eye drops, and patients in the observation group used 0.05% atropine eye drops. The changes of the axial length(AL), pupil diameter, spherical equivalent(SE), amplitude of accommodation, as well as the occurrence of discomfort symptoms were compared between the two groups of patients before treatment and at 4 and 12 mo after treatment.RESULTS: Compared with the pre-treatment period, the AL and pupil diameter of both groups increased, and the SE and amplitude of accommodation decreased after treatment(all P<0.05). The AL of the observation group was smaller than that of the control group, and the pupil diameter and SE were larger than that of the control group after treatment(all P<0.05). At the beginning of medication, 6 eyes(11.8%)in the control group and 15 eyes(28.8%)in the observation group showed photophobia(outdoor bright light), and 2 eyes in the observation group showed blurred vision, and there was a difference in the comparison of the discomfort symptoms between the two groups(χ2=6.502, P=0.011).CONCLUSION:0.05% atropine eye drops are more effective in controlling myopia in adolescents, but have a greater influence on pupil diameter and a higher risk of discomfort.

AIM:To compare the efficacy of 0.01% and 0.05% atropine eye drops in controlling myopia in adolescents.METHODS:A total of 108 adolescents with myopia admitted to our hospital from October 2021 to February 2023 were selected and randomly divided into 54 cases each in the observation group and the control group. All patients wore full-corrected monofocal frame glasses for the correction of refractive error. Patients in the control group used 0.01% atropine eye drops, and patients in the observation group used 0.05% atropine eye drops. The changes of the axial length(AL), pupil diameter, spherical equivalent(SE), amplitude of accommodation, as well as the occurrence of discomfort symptoms were compared between the two groups of patients before treatment and at 4 and 12 mo after treatment.RESULTS: Compared with the pre-treatment period, the AL and pupil diameter of both groups increased, and the SE and amplitude of accommodation decreased after treatment(all P<0.05). The AL of the observation group was smaller than that of the control group, and the pupil diameter and SE were larger than that of the control group after treatment(all P<0.05). At the beginning of medication, 6 eyes(11.8%)in the control group and 15 eyes(28.8%)in the observation group showed photophobia(outdoor bright light), and 2 eyes in the observation group showed blurred vision, and there was a difference in the comparison of the discomfort symptoms between the two groups(χ2=6.502, P=0.011).CONCLUSION:0.05% atropine eye drops are more effective in controlling myopia in adolescents, but have a greater influence on pupil diameter and a higher risk of discomfort.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a central neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory impairment in clinical. Currently, there are no effective treatments for AD. In recent years, a variety of therapeutic approaches from different perspectives have been explored to treat AD. Although the drug therapies targeted at the clearance of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) had made a breakthrough in clinical trials, there were associated with adverse events. Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the onset and progression of AD. Continuous neuroinflammatory was considered to be the third major pathological feature of AD, which could promote the formation of extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. At the same time, these toxic substances could accelerate the development of neuroinflammation, form a vicious cycle, and exacerbate disease progression. Reducing neuroinflammation could break the feedback loop pattern between neuroinflammation, Aβ plaque deposition and Tau tangles, which might be an effective therapeutic strategy for treating AD. Traditional Chinese herbs such as Polygonum multiflorum and Curcuma were utilized in the treatment of AD due to their ability to mitigate neuroinflammation. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and indomethacin had been shown to reduce the level of inflammasomes in the body, and taking these drugs was associated with a low incidence of AD. Biosynthetic nanomaterials loaded with oxytocin were demonstrated to have the capability to anti-inflammatory and penetrate the blood-brain barrier effectively, and they played an anti-inflammatory role via sustained-releasing oxytocin in the brain. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells could reduce neuroinflammation and inhibit the activation of microglia. The secretion of mesenchymal stem cells could not only improve neuroinflammation, but also exert a multi-target comprehensive therapeutic effect, making it potentially more suitable for the treatment of AD. Enhancing the level of TREM2 in microglial cells using gene editing technologies, or application of TREM2 antibodies such as Ab-T1, hT2AB could improve microglial cell function and reduce the level of neuroinflammation, which might be a potential treatment for AD. Probiotic therapy, fecal flora transplantation, antibiotic therapy, and dietary intervention could reshape the composition of the gut microbiota and alleviate neuroinflammation through the gut-brain axis. However, the drugs of sodium oligomannose remain controversial. Both exercise intervention and electromagnetic intervention had the potential to attenuate neuroinflammation, thereby delaying AD process. This article focuses on the role of drug therapy, gene therapy, stem cell therapy, gut microbiota therapy, exercise intervention, and brain stimulation in improving neuroinflammation in recent years, aiming to provide a novel insight for the treatment of AD by intervening neuroinflammation in the future.