Background/Aims: Chronic constipation is prevalent yet under-diagnosed across Asia, compromising quality of life and burdening healthcare systems. Cultural stigma, varied diets, and limited access to standardized diagnostic tools delay timely care. Methods: The Bali Chronic Constipation Roundtable in November 2024, brought together experts from 11 Asian countries. The group reviewed epidemiological data, analyzed multinational questionnaire on clinical practice pattern, and conducted structured discussions to identify key barriers and propose region-specific recommendations. Results: Chronic constipation prevalence varies across Asia, ranging from 1.8% in India to 16.6% in Japan, with women and the elderly disproportionately affected. Under-reporting persists owing to cultural taboos and widespread self treatment with laxatives and traditional medications. Although the Rome IV criteria remains the global standard, they may not fully reflect Asian symptom profiles, and diagnosis is limited by scarce motility laboratories. First line therapies such as dietary-fiber optimization and osmotic laxatives are widely available, but newer pharmacotherapies (prucalopride, linaclotide, lubiprostone, and elobixibat) remain costly and unevenly accessible. Biofeedback for dyssynergic defecation is underutilized due to limited availability. Experts recommend expanded regional research on to refine diagnostic criteria, coupled with enhanced physician education and public awareness. They advocate accessibility to second-line and novel therapies that incorporate culturally attuned regional guidelines, and improved access to gastrointestinal motility testing. Conclusions The Bali Chronic Constipation Roundtable highlighted Asia’s need for region specific diagnostics and management. Addressing diagnostic and treatment gaps will improve outcomes, while ongoing researcher clinician policy collaboration must standardize guidelines, advance research, and ensure equitable care across Asia.

Prolonged standing work can lead to various lower limb health issues. Footwear, as a convenient and noninvasive intervention, plays a key role in foot protection. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the impact of footwear characteristics on foot comfort among workers engaged in prolonged standing occupations. A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library was conducted until March 2025 for experimental and observational studies; the review is registered in International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD420251003253).Given the diversity of study designs, participant characteristics, and outcome measures, results were synthesized narratively, organizing findings by footwear design factors. The synthesis indicated that soft soles reduce foot impact and fatigue but offer limited support, whereas hard soles enhance stability but may cause localized pressure and discomfort. Sole hardness should balance cushioning and support based on activity: hard soles for standing and soft soles for walking. Insole hardness must be carefully considered as semirigid arch supports can cause discomfort. Most insoles improve pressure distribution by adjusting arch loading, and some enhance intrinsic foot muscles by promoting toe engagement, reducing leg swelling. Custom orthotic insoles outperform standard ones in comfort and balance. Future research should promote interdisciplinary collaboration with footwear designers to explore key design parameters and establish a scientific framework for protective footwear.

Background With the progression of industrialization, an increasing number of emerging contaminants are entering aquatic environments, posing significant threats to the safety of drinking water. Therefore, establishing a system for identifying unknown hazardous factors and implementing safety warning mechanisms for drinking water is of paramount importance. Among these efforts, non-target screening plays a critical role, but its effectiveness is largely constrained by the scope of coverage of sample pre-treatment methods. Objective To integrate modern chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques with advanced data mining methods to develop a non-discriminatory sample pre-treatment method for comprehensive enrichment of unknown contaminants in drinking water, laying a technical foundation for the discovery and identification of unknown organic hazardous factors in drinking water. Methods A non-discriminatory pre-treatment method based on supramolecular and solid-phase extraction was developed. The final target compounds including 333 pesticides, 194 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), and 59 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were used for optimizing the pre-treatment method, confirming its coverage. The impacts of different eluents on the absolute recovery rates of target compounds were compared to select the conditions with the highest recovery for sample pre-treatment. The effects of different supramolecular solvents and salt concentrations on target compound recovery were also evaluated to determine the most suitable solvent and salt concentration. Results The solid-phase extraction elution solvents, supramolecular extraction solvents, and salt concentrations were optimized based on the target compound recovery rates. The optimal recovery conditions were achieved using 2 mL methanol, 2 mL methanol (containing 1% formic acid), 2 mL ethyl acetate, 2 mL dichloromethane, hexanediol supramolecular solvent, and 426 mg salt. The detection method developed based on these conditions showed a good linear relationship for all target compounds in the range of 0.1-100.0 ng·mL⁻¹, with R² > 0.99. The method’s limit of detection ranged from 0.01 ng⁻¹ to 0.95 ng⁻¹, and 95% of target compounds were recovered in the range of 20%-120%, with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 30%, indicating good precision. Conclusion The combined pre-treatment method of solid-phase extraction and supramolecular solvent extraction can effectively enrich contaminants in drinking water across low, medium, and high polarities, enabling broad-spectrum enrichment of diverse trace contaminants in drinking water. It provides technical support for broad-spectrum, high-throughput screening and identification of organic pollutants in drinking water, and also serves as a reference for establishing urban drinking water public safety warning systems.

Objective To investigate the comparative neuroprotective effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells(hUC-MSCs-Exos)administered via different routes on hypoxic ischemic brain damage(HIBD)in neonatal mice.Methods Healthy one-week-old SPF-grade BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 4 groups:sham operation group(n=6),model group(n=6),exosome group 1(n=8),exosome group 2(n=8).HIBD was induced using the Rice-Vannucci method.Exosome group 1 and Exosome group 2 were intraperitoneal injection/intranasal drip of phosphate buffer(PBS)100 μl containing 10 μl exosomes within 24 h after successful modeling,respectively.Sham operation and model groups were intraperitoneal injection of PBS 100 μl.On the 7th day after the intervention,neuromotor function was assessed using the horizontal grid test and pole climbing test.On the 2nd day after the evaluation,all mice were killed and their brains were removed by decapitation.HE staining was used to observe the pathological injury of brain tissue,toluidine blue staining was used to observe the survival of neurons in cerebral cortex,and TUNEL staining was used to observe the apoptosis of cerebral cortex cells.Results Compared with sham operation group,model group,exosome group 1 and exosome group 2 exhibited increased hind limb drops in horizontal grid test and climbing scores(P<0.05).No significant difference was found in model group,exosome group 1 and exosome group 2 in these measures(P<0.05).Significant pathology was observed in model group,exosome group 1 and exosome group 2 compared to sham operation group(P<0.05),with significantly reduced damage in exosome group 1 and exosome group 2 compared to model group(P<0.05).Compared with sham operation group,Nissl body count was lower in model group and exosome group 1 and exosome group 2,with a higher count in exosome group 2 compared to exosome group 1(P<0.05).Compared with sham operation group,apoptotic cells were higher in model group and exosome group 1 and exosome group 2,with a significant reduction in exosome group 1 and exosome group 2 compared to model group,and the lowest in exosome group 2(P<0.05).Conclusions hUC-MSCs-Exos can improve the neuronal motor function,promote neuron repair and inhibit apoptosis in HIBD mice.Intranasal administration of hUC-MSCs-Exos is more effective than intraperitoneal administration for reducing neuronal apoptosis in HIBP neonatal mice,offering a convenient and rapid method suitable for clinical application.

Objective To investigate the anatomical and microscopic structures of interstitial fluid flow channels in the skin tissue of hand dorsum in human cadavers.Methods Totally 7 fresh cadavers within 12 hours post-mortem were included.MRI was used to observe the distribution of interstitial fluid flow from the first phalanx of the fingers to the wrist,precisely locating the flow channels.Based on imaging results,histological analyses were conducted to determine the histological characteristics of the flow channels.Furthermore,multi-immunofluorescence and microcomputed tomography(Micro-CT)techniques were employed to analyze the channels,and image post-processing was used to elucidate their anatomical structures at the microscopic level.Results After injecting a contrast agent into the first phalanx of ten finger specimens and applying repeated pressure,MRI image revealed centripetal long-range interstitial fluid flow along channels distinct from blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.Histological analysis and Micro-CT further confirmed that the flow primarily occurred within the fibrous connective tissue and adventitia of the skin.Conclusion The orderly fibrous connective tissue and adventitia in the skin form the interstitial fluid flow channels in the human hand dorsum skin,named as"stromal membrane channels"in the skin.

Objective To investigate the predictive value of neuregulin 4(Nrg4)combined withγ-aminobutyric acid(GABA)in cognitive dysfunction among patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome(OSAHS).Methods A total of 169 patients with severe OSAHS were se-lected as study subjects and divided into normal cognitive function group(n=89)and cognitive dys-function group(n=80)based on cognitive function assessment results.General information of the pa-tients was collected,and the levels of Nrg4 and GABA were detected by enzyme-linked immunosor-bent assay(ELISA).Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis was used to evaluate the predictive value of Nrg4 and GABA for cognitive dysfunction in OSAHS patients.Results The proportions of patients with a history of hypertension and diabetes,as well as the levels of diastolic blood pressure,total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)were significantly higher in the cognitive dysfunction group than those in the normal cognitive function group(P＜0.05).The levels of Nrg4 and GABA were significantly lower in the cognitive dysfunction group than in the normal cognitive function group(P＜0.05).The Montreal Cognitive Assessment(MoCA)score in the cognitive dys-function group was significantly lower than that in the normal cognitive function group[(12.36±2.35)versus(28.25±1.02),P＜0.05].Multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that a history of hypertension and diabetes,diastolic blood pressure,TC,TG,HDL-C,and LDL-C were risk factors for cognitive dysfunction in patients with severe OSAHS(P＜0.05),while Nrg4,GABA,and MoCA scores were protective factors(P＜0.05).ROC curve analysis showed that combined de-tection of Nrg4 and GABA had a higher predictive value for cognitive dysfunction in patients with se-vere OSAHS compared with either marker alone(P＜0.05).Conclusion A history of hyperten-sion and diabetes,diastolic blood pressure,TC,TG,HDL-C,LDL-C,Nrg4,GABA,and MoCA scores are all factors influencing cognitive dysfunction in patients with severe OSAHS.Combined de-tection of Nrg4 and GABA can effectively predict cognitive dysfunction in these patients.

Bismuth iodide(BiOI)with different crystal plane ratios of(110)to(001)was synthesized,and typeⅡheterojunction formed between(001)and(110)crystal planes of BiOI was used to improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated electrons and holes.Then the BiOI(001)/(110)was composited with nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots(N-GQDs)to prepare a ternary composites,which could enhance the range and intensity of light absorption,and prolonged the lifetime of photogenerated electrons due to the formation of Z-scheme heterojunctions between BiOI and N-GQDs,thereby leading to the excellent photoelectric performance of the BiOI/N-GQDs for generating sensitive photoelectric response signals.A photoelectrochemical sensor for sensitive detection of chlorpyrifos(CPF)was designed with BiOI/N-GQDs-modified FTO electrode as a photocathode.The S and N atoms contained in CPF were coordinated with Bi(Ⅲ)on the surface of BiOI,which reduced the photocurrent of BiOI/N-GQDs.The photocurrent change was linear with logarithm of concentration of CPF in the range of 1.5×10-12-5.0×10-9 mol/L,and the detection limit was 1.5×10-12 mol/L.The sensor was highly sensitive,selective and stable,and could be used for determination of trace CPF in environmental and food samples.

Arsenic is a semi-metal,and lipid-soluble arsenic compounds are one of the widespread forms in the environment and food chain,but there is a lack of standards for lipid-soluble arsenic compounds,which is one of the bottlenecks in the current analytical detection and toxicological studies of organic arsenic.In this study,four saturated arsenic-containing hydrocarbons,AsHC 318,AsHC 332,AsHC 346,and AsHC 374(The number is relative molecular mass),were successfully synthesized in three steps by using dimethylarsinic acid,potassium iodide,sodium hydroxide,and four brominated alkanes(1-Bromotetradecane,1-bromopentadecane,1-bromohexadecane,and 1-bromooctadecane)as raw materials.The structures of these four saturated arsenic-containing hydrocarbons were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance(1H NMR)spectroscopy,13C nuclear magnetic resonance(13C NMR)spectroscopy,and high-resolution mass spectrometry(HR-MS).The yields of the method were 8%-10%,and the synthesized compounds could be used in subsequent toxicity evaluation experiments to assess the toxic effects and mechanisms of action of arsenic-containing hydrocarbons.This study provided an effective method for synthesis of arsenic-containing hydrocarbons,enriching the synthesis methods of arsenic-containing hydrocarbons,and provided raw materials for the subsequent toxicological studies of arsenic-containing hydrocarbons.

Peroxynitrite anion(ONOO-),which is originated from the reaction of nitric oxide(NO)and superoxide anion(O2-),plays a pivotal role in immune defense and signal regulation.Excessive levels of ONOO-may induce the occurrence of various diseases such as Alzheimer's disease,inflammation,cardiovascular disease and cancer,etc.Existing detection methods for ONOO-have limitations such as complexity,time consumption,and low cell biocompatibility.In this study,a novel fluorescent probe QFPD was developed using quinoline and diphenylphosphinamide as fluorescent keleton and recognition group,respectively.The strong oxidizing property of ONOO-triggerd the cleavage of phosphoramide bond,leading to fluorescence quenching and a visible color change of the solution from yellow to purple,thereby enabling"ON-OFF"type recognition of ONOO-.QFPD exhibited excellent characteristics including good selectivity and high sensitivity in fluorescence detection(Limit of detection of 1.37 μmol/L),large Stokes shift(130 nm),rapid response(10 min),and strong anti-interference ability.Additionally,QFPD demonstrated good biocompatibility and could realize real-time dynamic monitoring of endogenous ONOO-.Furthermore,QFPD was successfully applied to environmental toxicology research by visualizing the oxidative stress effects induced by microplastics polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA)and Hg2+exposure,which might be a novel tool for the mechanism research on oxidative stress associated with microplastic pollution and heavy metal exposure.

Objective To verify the efficacy of a domestic human DNA quantification kit based on real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR in detecting the total human DNA concentration,male DNA concen-tration in mixed male/female DNA samples,the degree of DNA degradation and inhibitor tolerance.Methods Samples with different concentrations,different male/female ratios,different concentrations of inhibitors,and different degradation degrees were tested using the domestic human DNA quantification kit based on real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR.This kit was compared with a similar product on the market and was applied to the detection of DNA from real cases.Results This human DNA quan-tification kit can effectively detect human DNA as low as 0.001 65 ng/μL,and 6.25 pg/μL of male DNA in mixed samples with a male-to-female ratio of 1∶15 000.Even when the sample contains as high as 400 ng/μL of humic acid or 1 000 μmol/L of hemin alone,the DNA concentration can still be accurately detected.The degradation index can effectively characterize the degradation degree of the sample.This kit has been successfully applied in forensic practice.Conclusion This human DNA quan-tification kit is accurate and reliable in detection.It can accurately reflect the degradation of DNA and inhibitor tolerance.It has good performance in quantitative accuracy,determination of the male/female ratio in mixed samples,and inhibitor tolerance.It has application potential in forensic case examination.