Tissue resident memory T(TRM)cells are a class of memory T cells with long life span and non-lymphoid resident characteristics.TRM cells are the first line of defense against secondary infections in human.TRM cells can restrict the transmission of viruses as well as combat against viruses.Rapid evolution of severe acute respiratory syn-drome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)and post-COVID-19 syndrome could lead to a series of symptoms such as pulmonary fi-brosis,resulting in long-term fall in quality of life.Many studies focused on enhancing the ability to cope with the mutation of SARS-CoV-2 and reducing the incidence of post-COVID-19 syndrome.The relationship between TRM cells and SARS-CoV-2 infection or therapy still remain unknown.It is significant to investigate TRM cells divergence and functions for the development of vaccines.We review the functions and residence properties of TRM cells,as well as their roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection and post-COVID-19 syndrome.In this review,we are dedicated to deepen our understanding of the immune process in SARS-CoV-2 infection and provide a new prospect for the prevention and treatment of post-COVID-19 syndrome.

Tissue resident memory T(TRM)cells are a class of memory T cells with long life span and non-lymphoid resident characteristics.TRM cells are the first line of defense against secondary infections in human.TRM cells can restrict the transmission of viruses as well as combat against viruses.Rapid evolution of severe acute respiratory syn-drome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)and post-COVID-19 syndrome could lead to a series of symptoms such as pulmonary fi-brosis,resulting in long-term fall in quality of life.Many studies focused on enhancing the ability to cope with the mutation of SARS-CoV-2 and reducing the incidence of post-COVID-19 syndrome.The relationship between TRM cells and SARS-CoV-2 infection or therapy still remain unknown.It is significant to investigate TRM cells divergence and functions for the development of vaccines.We review the functions and residence properties of TRM cells,as well as their roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection and post-COVID-19 syndrome.In this review,we are dedicated to deepen our understanding of the immune process in SARS-CoV-2 infection and provide a new prospect for the prevention and treatment of post-COVID-19 syndrome.

TCM believes that spleen deficiency is the root cause of emotional abnormalities in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), and clinical treatment often involves the heart, liver and kidney. TCM therapy has a significant efficacy in CFS emotional abnormalities. It is mostly treated with oral administration of TCM, acupuncture, moxibustion and massage therapy. It may play a therapeutic role by improving oxidative stress and immune inflammation, regulating nerve-endocrine, controlling energy metabolism and other ways. It is suggested to establish the syndrome differentiation standard of CFS emotional abnormality in the future, so as to improve the accuracy of syndrome differentiation and treatment; form a perfect treatment guide or expert consensus to guide the standardized application of various internal and external treatment methods; explore objective indicators based on the pathogenesis, and focus on the morphological and functional changes of disease target brain regions with the help of neuroimaging techniques, so as to improve the diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of CFS; based on the guidance of TCM theory, improve the CFS emotional abnormal animal modeling method.

Pulmonary infection by pathogenic microorganisms is a common disease of the respiratory system with high mortality and poor prognosis,but its pathogenesis remains unclear.In recent years,single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)has been widely used in the study of lung infection to provide an atlas of immune cells of patients,identify new immune cell subsets,analyze differential expression genes,reveal pathways related to inflammatory immune pathways in pathogenic microbial infection,monitor the levels of cytokines,and identify novel biomarkers of lung infection.There-fore,this paper presents a review of the application of scRNA-seq in pulmonary infection by pathogenic microorganisms.

Objective:To discuss the method for establishing the rat models of irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)by chronic water avoidance stress(WAS)method,and to evaluate its feasibility.Methods:Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group(n=10)and model group(n=20).The rats in model group were induced by WAS method for 1 h everyday,lasting for 10 consecutive days;the rats in control group underwent no interventions.After modeling,the general conditions and body weights of the rats in two groups were observed and recorded.The elevated plus maze(EPM)test was used to detect the percentages of the number of open arm entries(OE)and the time spent in open arms(OT)of the rats in two groups;the abdominal withdrawal reflex(AWR)test was used to assess the visceral sensitivity of the rats in two groups;electrocardiography was used to detect the heart rate variability(HRV)of the rats in two groups;electromyography(EMG)of the external oblique muscle was used to detect the colorectal pain sensitivity thresholds of the rats in two groups;multi-channel physiological signal recorder was used to monitor the slow wave frequency of the colon of the rats in two groups.Results:There were no death rats in both groups during the modeling period.After modeling,the rats in model group exhibited poor mental status,reduced spontaneous activity,hypoactivity,disordered and dull fur,irritability,and unclean anal areas;whereas,the rats in control group showed no significant changes in the mental state,spontaneous activity,fur,and perianal area.Compared with control group,the body weight of the rats in model group was significantly decreased(P<0.05).The EPM test results showed that compared with control group,the OE percentage and OT percentage of the rats in model group were significantly decreased(P<0.01).The AWR test results showed that 12 rats in model group scored≥3 points,indicating that the successful rate in creating the visceral pain models was 60%.Compared with control group,the low frequency(LF)signals and the ratio of LF/high frequency(HF)of the rats in model group were significantly increased(P<0.01),and the HF was significantly decreased(P<0.05).The EMG results showed that compared with control group,the coloretal pain sensitivity threshold of the colon of the rats in model group was significantly decreased(P<0.01),and the slow wave frequency of the colon was significantly increased(P<0.01).Conclusion:The WAS method for establishing the rat model of IBS effectively demonstrates the changes in behavior and mental state,increased the visceral sensitivity,accelerated colonic slow wave frequency,and autonomic nervous system imbalance;the WAS method can serve as an effective modeling approach for observing and evaluating the related drugs and interventions on treatment of IBS.

TCM functional exercises are the important means of TCM to prevent and cure diseases. By adjusting the bones and muscles externally, adjusting the heart and organs internally, promoting blood circulation, improving sleep disorders, enhancing metabolism and immune capacity, the aim of preventing and treating diseases, prolonging life span, and strengthening the body is achieved. TCM exercises have a significant effect on the treatment of various types of fatigue such as chronic fatigue syndrome, Exercise-induced fatigue, post-stroke fatigue, and cancer-related fatigue.

The incidence of chronic fatigue syndrome(CFS)has gradually increased in recent years.Although CFS can severely affect patient quality of life,its clinical diagnosis is easily overlooked.Elucidating the pathogenesis of CFS and treating it from both etiological and symptomatological perspectives are crucial for patient recovery;however,its unclear pathogenesis means that etiological treatment options are limited,and current treatments mainly focus on improving clinical symptoms.In this context,there is a need to establish and evaluate a suitable animal model.This article comprehensively integrates the diagnostic criteria of CFS and progress in related basic research.We also summarize the behavioral experimental method used to evaluate CFS models in basic research in the past 5 years and discuss these evaluations from the perspectives of general condition,fatigue state,cognitive function,emotional state,and pain degree.This review aims to present the current situation,expose problems,trigger reflection,and promote improvements in the behavioral evaluation of animal models of CFS.

Metabolic heterogeneity plays a central role in sustaining uncontrolled cancer cell proliferation and shaping the tumor microenvironment(TME),which significantly compromises the clinical outcomes and responses to therapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC)patients.This highlights the urgent need to delineate the intrinsic heterogeneity and biological roles of metabolic vulnerabilities to advance precision oncology.The metabolic heterogeneity of malignant cells was identified using single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)profiles and validated through bulk transcriptomes.Serine-glycine-one-carbon(SGOC)metabolism was screened out to be responsible for the aggressive malignant properties and poor prognosis in HNSCC patients.A 4-SGOC gene prognostic signature,constructed by LASSO-COX regression analysis,demonstrated good predictive performance for overall survival and therapeutic responses.Patients in the low-risk group exhibited greater infiltration of exhausted CD8+T cells,and demonstrated better clinical outcomes after receiving immunotherapy and chemotherapy.Conversely,high-risk patients exhibited characteristics of cold tumors,with enhanced IMPDH1-mediated purine biosynthesis,resulting in poor responses to current therapies.IMPDH1 emerged as a potential therapeutic metabolic target.Treatment with IMPDH inhibitors effectively suppressed HNSCC cell proliferation and metastasis and induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo by triggering GTP-exhaustion nucleolar stress.Our findings underscore the metabolic vulnerabilities of HNSCC in facilitating accurate patient stratification and individualized precise metabolic-targeted treatment.

The incidence of chronic fatigue syndrome(CFS)has gradually increased in recent years.Although CFS can severely affect patient quality of life,its clinical diagnosis is easily overlooked.Elucidating the pathogenesis of CFS and treating it from both etiological and symptomatological perspectives are crucial for patient recovery;however,its unclear pathogenesis means that etiological treatment options are limited,and current treatments mainly focus on improving clinical symptoms.In this context,there is a need to establish and evaluate a suitable animal model.This article comprehensively integrates the diagnostic criteria of CFS and progress in related basic research.We also summarize the behavioral experimental method used to evaluate CFS models in basic research in the past 5 years and discuss these evaluations from the perspectives of general condition,fatigue state,cognitive function,emotional state,and pain degree.This review aims to present the current situation,expose problems,trigger reflection,and promote improvements in the behavioral evaluation of animal models of CFS.

Metabolic heterogeneity plays a central role in sustaining uncontrolled cancer cell proliferation and shaping the tumor microenvironment(TME),which significantly compromises the clinical outcomes and responses to therapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC)patients.This highlights the urgent need to delineate the intrinsic heterogeneity and biological roles of metabolic vulnerabilities to advance precision oncology.The metabolic heterogeneity of malignant cells was identified using single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)profiles and validated through bulk transcriptomes.Serine-glycine-one-carbon(SGOC)metabolism was screened out to be responsible for the aggressive malignant properties and poor prognosis in HNSCC patients.A 4-SGOC gene prognostic signature,constructed by LASSO-COX regression analysis,demonstrated good predictive performance for overall survival and therapeutic responses.Patients in the low-risk group exhibited greater infiltration of exhausted CD8+T cells,and demonstrated better clinical outcomes after receiving immunotherapy and chemotherapy.Conversely,high-risk patients exhibited characteristics of cold tumors,with enhanced IMPDH1-mediated purine biosynthesis,resulting in poor responses to current therapies.IMPDH1 emerged as a potential therapeutic metabolic target.Treatment with IMPDH inhibitors effectively suppressed HNSCC cell proliferation and metastasis and induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo by triggering GTP-exhaustion nucleolar stress.Our findings underscore the metabolic vulnerabilities of HNSCC in facilitating accurate patient stratification and individualized precise metabolic-targeted treatment.