There are various complicated wired connections in traditional endoscopic systems, which have disadvantages such as prolonging the preoperative setup time, restricting the movement of laparoscope, hindering the intraoperative manipulation, potentially contaminating the operation area and causing safety hazards.Our team has developed a wireless intelligent ultra-high-definition endoscopic system for the first time, which has been widely applied in many urological surgeries, such as tumors, stones, transurethral prostate enucleation, laparoscopic pyeloureteroplasty, laparoscopic renal cyst top decompression and so on.This essay reviews the applications and advantages of this system in urology, and forecasts its prospects.

Objective To explore the feasibility and safety of robot-assisted partial right nephrectomy using a combined retroperitoneal and transperitoneal approach in the treatment of horseshoe kidney with renal tumor.Methods Clinical and follow-up data of a patient with horseshoe kidney with renal tumor were retrospectively analyzed.Before operation,the diagnosis was confirmed with renal CT scanning and enhancement with angiography to show the blood supply.After that,the patient underwent robot-assisted partial right nephrectomy for horseshoe kidney by robot-assisted partial right nephrectomy using a combined retroperitoneal and transperitoneal approach.After operation,the patient was followed up.Results The operation went smooth with an operation time of 270 min.The intraoperative warm ischemia time was 30 min,intraoperative bleeding was approximately 300 mL,and no intraoperative or postoperative complications occurred.After 2 months of follow-up,the patient recovered well,and no chest and abdominal lymph node enlargement and lung metastasis were observed.Conclusion Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy of horseshoe kidney using a combined retroperitoneal and transperitoneal approach is a safe and feasible minimally invasive treatment option.

Objective To investigate clinical characteristics and risk factors of different stages of urinary tract infection after kidney transplantation.Methods Clinical data of 209 kidney transplant recipients were retrospectively analyzed.According to time points of postoperative follow-up,all recipients were divided into 3 stages:within 1 month post-kidney transplantation,1-6 months post-kidney transplantation,and 7-12 months post-kidney transplantation.The incidence of urinary tract infection,urine culture results of recipients with urinary tract infection and drug resistance characteristics of common pathogens during different stages after kidney transplantation were analyzed.The strains of patients with recurrent urinary tract infection were identified.The risk factors of urinary tract infection and the effect of urinary tract infection on renal allograft function were analyzed.Results The urinary tract infection rate was 90.0％in the first stage,49.3％in the second stage and 22.5％in the third stage.The urinary tract infection rates of male recipients undergoing living-related organ donation in the second and third stages were lower than those of female recipients(both P＜0.05).Urine culture test yielded positive results in 60 cases,and 84 strains of pathogenic bacteria were detected,mainly Gram-negative bacteria,among which Klebsiella pneumoniae accounted for the highest proportion.Sixty-six recipients had recurrent urinary tract infection,and the detected pathogens included Klebsiella pneumoniae,Escherichia coli and Candida glabrata,etc.Univariate analysis showed that postoperative use of antithymocyte globulin was the risk factor for urinary tract infection in the first stage.Preoperative urinary tract infection and donor type were the risk factors for urinary tract infection in the second stage.Gender and age of the recipients were the risk factors for urinary tract infection in the third stage.Multivariate analysis revealed that postoperative use of antithymocyte globulin was the risk factor for urinary tract infection in the first stage.Gender and age of the recipients were the risk factors for urinary tract infection in the third stage(all P＜0.05).In the third stage,65 cases were cured and 38 cases were not cured.In the treated recipients,the serum creatinine level and white blood cell count were decreased after corresponding treatment than those before treatment(both P＜0.05).Conclusions Gram-negative bacteria are the main pathogens of urinary tract infection in kidney transplant recipients,and drug resistance is relatively high.Postoperative use of antithymocyte globulin,female and old age are the risk factors for urinary tract infection in kidney transplant recipients.

N?ive CD4+T cells play a key role in the initiation and maintenance of immune response.In the effect of cytokines and costimulatory molecules,they differentiate into Th1,Th2,Treg and Th17.Increasing evidences indicated that Th17 and Treg cells produce a significant effect on immune stability,autoimmune disease and cancer.Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome(CP/CPPS)is the most common type of prostatitis,accounting for 90%～95%,which is closely correlated with the progression of be-nign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer.Benign and malignant diseases of the prostate share much similarity in immune microen-vironment.Thus,this review summarizs the latest research progress on the mechanism of Th17/Treg cells in prostatic disease.

Objective : To evaluate the application of routine ultrasound combined with contrast-enhanced ultra- sound( CEUS) for the renal wound after robotic-assisted nephron-sparing surgery(RANSS) and analyze the correla- tion with the postoperative complications． Methods : 80 patients underwent RANSS were involved. Routine ultra- sound was performed to evaluate the morphological features the first day after the surgery．A classification system named the grades of ultrasound images ( GUIs) was build to evaluate the severity of the renal wound．CEUS was performed on postoperative day 1 to confirm the contrast agent extravasation from the renal wound．The incidence of postoperative complications in different grades was compared，meanwhile compared in the two groups of extravasa- tion or not. Results : In GUIs，the routine ultrasound images were classified to three grades : Grade1，Grade2， Grade3．The incidence of postoperative complications increased with GUIs(P＜0. 05) ，meanwhile higher in the ex- travasation group(P＜0. 05) ．This trend matched up with GUIs especially in Grade 2 and 3．The incidence of the cases with extravasation increased with GUIs(P＜0. 05) ． Conclusion Routine ultrasound and CEUS are feasible to evaluate the morphologic changes of renal wound after RANSS．There is a certain correlation between the evalua- tion results and the postoperative complications.

Abstract Chronic prostatitis is one of the common diseases in male urology．The disease of type Ⅲ prostatitis (chronic prostatitis / chronic pelvic pain syndrome) in the classification of prostatitis in the National Institutes of Health (NIH) cannot reflect the nature of the disease，such as unclear etiology and pathogenesis，diverse clinical manifestations，insufficient diagnostic basis，etc．The concept of type Ⅲ prostatitis does not regard the pelvic floor and lower urinary tract as a functional whole．Therefore，the China Chronic Prostatitis Diagnostic Criteria and Effi- cacy Evaluation Collaborative Group proposed to change the name of type Ⅲ prostatitis to prostatic pelvic syndrome and explore the establishment of symptom-based diagnostic and efficacy evaluation criteria to reflect the nature of the disease and meet the treatment objectives of type Ⅲ prostatitis patients to improve symptoms and improve quality of life．The proposal of new theories and the development of multi-center clinical trials will help urologists deepen their understanding of the prostatic pelvic syndrome and help them to correctly diagnose and treat the syndrome.

Telemedicine is the process of using telecommunications and digital relay to perform, teach, or share medical knowledge, including telementoring, telesurgery and telerobotics. Telemedicine in surgery could not only help to solve the problem of shortage of high-level surgeons, but also eliminate geographical obstacles, relieve economic burden of patients, contribute to the national implementation of hierarchical diagnosis and treatment. The history and current situation of telemedicine at home and abroad in the field of urological surgery are reviewed in this article, and future development of telemedicine is prospected.

Objective:To analyzed the urinary microbiota characteristics of upper tract urothelial carcinoma(UTUC) patients.Methods:Urine samples were collected from 23 patients with UTUC (UTUC group) and 22 patients with benign diseases (control group) admitted to Yijishan Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College from July 2021 to July 2022. The differences in age [(60.9±5.7) years vs. (61.4±8.8) years], sex (male/female: 15/8 vs. 9/13), and body mass index [(22.9±1.8) kg/m 2 vs. (23.4±1.7) kg/m 2] between the UTUC group and the control group were not statistically significant ( P>0.05). The V4 region of the 16S rRNA of urinary microorganisms was sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq6000, and the results were processed using QLLME2. Differences in α-diversity between groups were analyzed by using the Shannon, Simpson, and Chao1 indices. Differences in β-diversity between groups were analyzed by using unweighted principal coordinates analysis (PCoA). Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size(LEfSe)was used to identify the bacterial taxa with different abundances between groups. Significant differences were defined as LDA>2. Results:The Chao1 index (703.12±265.54 vs. 506.20±214.02) and Shannon index (5.61±1.85 vs. 5.07±1.34) were significantly higher in the UTUC group compared to that in the control group ( P<0.05). The α-diversity of urinary microbes was elevated in the UTUC group compared to that in the control group but the difference in β-diversity was not statistically significant ( P=0.161). The enrichment of Bacteroidaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Acidaminococcaceae, Thermaceae, Erysipelatoclostridiaceae, and Coriobacteriaceae abundance was higher in the urine of UTUC patients(LDA > 2). Further subgrouping analyses of the UTUC patients showed that the differences in Chao1 index (706.44±271.84 vs. 784.09±272.72), Shannon index (6.04±1.30 vs. 5.91±1.67), and Simpson index (0.94±0.08 vs. 0.89±0.22) between the muscle-invasive group and the non-muscle-invasive group were not statistically significant ( P>0.05). The difference in α-diversity between muscle-invasive and non-muscle-invasive group was not statistically significant, but the difference in β-diversity was statistically significant ( P=0.047). The urinary microbial communities of Gammaproteobacteria, Cutibacterium, Rhodococcus and Nocardiaceae were enriched in muscle-invasive group and differed from that in non-muscle-invasive group(LDA>2). Conclusions:This study suggests that the urinary microbial community was more abundant in UTUC patients than in non-UTUC patients and that Bacteroidaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Acidaminococcaceae, Thermaceae, Erysipelatoclostridiaceae, and Coriobacteriaceae were more abundant in the urine of UTUC patients. The urinary microbial community was more abundant in the urine of non-muscle-invasive patients than in the muscle-invasive patients, and Gammaproteobacteria, Cutibacterium, Rhodococcus and Nocardiaceae were more abundant in the urine of non-muscle-invasive patients.

This paper discusses the application of MRN combined with 3D printing in SNM in neurogenic bladder patients with special comorbidities. In this study, 21 cases of neurogenic bladder patients with special comorbidities involved, including 14 cases into the control group and 7 cases in the experimental group. Traditional X-ray guidance was used in the control group, while the MRN combined with 3D printing navigation template positioning was used in the experimental group. Compared with those in the control group, the X-ray fluoroscopy, number of punctures, puncture time, intraoperative adjustment and testing time were significantly decreased in the experimental group. The difference of implantable pulse generator implantation rates between the two groups was statistically significant.

Objective:To evaluate the safety and efficacy of bipolar plasmakinetic endoscopic enucleation of the prostate (BEEP) in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in a day surgery mode.Methods:The clinical data of 162 BPH patients admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from January 2021 to June 2022 were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were divided into day group(80 cases) and conventional group(82 cases) according to hospitalization mode. In the day group, preoperative screening and anesthesia evaluation was completed during the pre-hospitalization period, and the patient was discharged within 24 hours. The two groups were treated with BEEP, the urethral mucosa was cut at a " Ω" 5 mm proximal to the external sphincter ring in front of the verumontanum. Following the standard of anatomical enucleation of the prostate, the gland tissue was cut out after enucleation. There were no significant differences in age [(63.6±8.9) years vs. (67.5±7.1) years], body mass index [(24.3 ±2.6) kg/m 2vs. (23.0±3.2) kg/m 2], prostate volume [(55.8±16.9) ml vs. (53.7±20.7) ml], preoperative prostate-specific antigen [3.8(1.2, 5.3)ng/ml vs. 3.5(2.1, 5.6)ng/ml], the international prostate symptom score (IPSS) [(25.9±5.2) vs. (26.3±5.9)], the quality of life score (QOL) [(5.0±0.7) vs.(5.0±0.6)], the maximum urine flow rate (Q max) [(8.2±4.5) ml/s vs. (7.9±4.1) ml/s] and residual urine volume (PVR) [49(0, 131) ml vs. 45(11, 106) ml] between the two groups ( P>0.05). The waiting time before admission was [(2.6±1.2) d vs. (5.3±1.5) d], and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( P<0.05). The perioperative efficacy indicators, total hospitalization expenses and short-term postoperative complications were compared between the two groups. Results:In this study, all patients successfully completed the operation. There were no statistical significances in the perioperative indicators between the day group and the conventional group including the operation time [(38.4±15.2) min vs. (40.4±13.9) min], enucleated tissue weight [(34.6±9.6) g vs. (35.4±10.8) g], the decrease value of hemoglobin [(13.0±2.5) g/L vs. (12.0±3.7) g/L] and the decrease value of blood sodium [(2.2±0.9) mmol/L vs. (2.4±1.3) mmol/L]( P>0.05). The significant differences were observed in bladder irrigation time [(16.9±2.1)h vs. (22.7±12.1)h], catheterization time [(18.8±5.1) h vs.(65.6±13.0)h], postoperative hospital stay [(16.8±2.4)h vs. (64.8±6.3)h] and the total hospitalization expenses [(13 282.2±2 236.3) yuan vs. (15 969.3±2 420.6) yuan] between the day group and the conventional group ( P < 0.01). In the day group, 1 case was transferred to the general ward for observation for 1 day. There were no significant differences in the incidence of complications as urinary retention [6.3% (5/80) vs. 3.7% (3/82)], temporary incontinence [2.5% (2/80) vs. 2.4%(2/82)], urethra stricture [7.5% (6/80) vs. 6.1% (5/82)], and hematuria for intervention [1.3% (1/80) vs. 1.2% (1/82)]between the day group and the conventional group ( P > 0.05). After 6 months of follow-up, there were no significant differences in IPSS[(6.7±2.8) vs. (6.1±2.5)], QOL[(1.8±0.9) vs. (2.0±0.8)], Q max [(26.4±5.5)ml/s vs. (25.8±4.6)ml/s] and PVR [7(2, 11)ml vs. 5(4, 8)ml] between the two groups at 6 months after operation ( P > 0.05), but there were significant improvements when compared with those items of preoperation ( P < 0.01). Conclusions:The treatment of BPH with BEEP in the day surgery mode is as safe and effective as that in the conventional surgery mode, with little bleeding, high resection efficiency, definite therapeutic effect and low incidence of complications. BEEP can shorten the length of hospital stay and reduce medical expenses in the day surgery mode, and can be carried out in hospitals with conditions.