Objective To investigate the effects of different doses of chronic nicotine exposure on the pathology of Alzhei-mer's disease(AD),to clarify the effects of nicotine on cognitive function and related pathology in AD model mice,and to pro-vide laboratory evidence for clinical prevention and intervention of AD.Methods Nine-month-old triple-transgenic(3 × Tg)mice(APPswe,PS1M146V,and Tau P301L transgenes)were treated with low(5％,50 μg/mL),medium(10％,100 μg/mL)and high(20％,200 μg/mL)doses of nicotine for 3 months.Western blot,immunofluorescence and qPCR were used to detect amyloid be-ta(Aβ)pathology,Tau phosphorylation,synaptic damage and neuroinflammation in different groups of mice.Microglia was co-stained with Aβ to show the phagocytosis of plaques.Behavioral test was used to detect the cognitive learning ability of experi-mental mice.Results Administration of high dosage of nicotine over the course of three consecutive months resulted in an aug-mentation in Aβ plaques,while the utilization of low dosage of nicotine for an equivalent period yields a mitigating influence on Aβ accumulation and effectively alleviated synaptic impairments within the hippocampus.Moreover,chronic exposure of high nicotine exacerbated both microglial activation and neuroinflammation,along with astrogliosis in the brains of 3 X Tg mice,whereas the administration of low dosage of nicotine exhibited no discernible impact.Chronic exposure to different doses of nico-tine had no significant effect on Tau phosphorylation and cognitive behaviors in mice.Conclusion Chronic exposure to low dose nicotine alleviates Aβ accumulation and brain synaptic damage in AD model mice.Chronic exposure to high dose nicotine aggra-vates Aβ deposition and neuroinflammation.

Objective To investigate the effects of different doses of chronic nicotine exposure on the pathology of Alzhei-mer's disease(AD),to clarify the effects of nicotine on cognitive function and related pathology in AD model mice,and to pro-vide laboratory evidence for clinical prevention and intervention of AD.Methods Nine-month-old triple-transgenic(3 × Tg)mice(APPswe,PS1M146V,and Tau P301L transgenes)were treated with low(5％,50 μg/mL),medium(10％,100 μg/mL)and high(20％,200 μg/mL)doses of nicotine for 3 months.Western blot,immunofluorescence and qPCR were used to detect amyloid be-ta(Aβ)pathology,Tau phosphorylation,synaptic damage and neuroinflammation in different groups of mice.Microglia was co-stained with Aβ to show the phagocytosis of plaques.Behavioral test was used to detect the cognitive learning ability of experi-mental mice.Results Administration of high dosage of nicotine over the course of three consecutive months resulted in an aug-mentation in Aβ plaques,while the utilization of low dosage of nicotine for an equivalent period yields a mitigating influence on Aβ accumulation and effectively alleviated synaptic impairments within the hippocampus.Moreover,chronic exposure of high nicotine exacerbated both microglial activation and neuroinflammation,along with astrogliosis in the brains of 3 X Tg mice,whereas the administration of low dosage of nicotine exhibited no discernible impact.Chronic exposure to different doses of nico-tine had no significant effect on Tau phosphorylation and cognitive behaviors in mice.Conclusion Chronic exposure to low dose nicotine alleviates Aβ accumulation and brain synaptic damage in AD model mice.Chronic exposure to high dose nicotine aggra-vates Aβ deposition and neuroinflammation.

Objective To analyze the echocardiography features of unilateral absence of pulmonary artery ( U APA ) features and improve the prenatal diagnosis accuracy of U APA by analyzing fetal echocardiography features . Methods Fetal echocardiographic features were analyzed retrospectively in 6 cases with prenatal diagnosis of U APA between June 2012 and October 2018 . A t the same time ,ultrasonic manifestations of 3 patients whose antenatal examinations were performed in other hospitals and diagnosed as UAPA in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed . T he fetal echocardiography characteristics of UAPA were summarized . Results Among the 6 fetuses with UAPA ,4 cases were diagnosed as isolated unilateral absence of proximal right pulmonary artery ,1 was unilateral absence of proximal left pulmonary artery with tetralogy of Fallot ( T O F ) and 1 was isolated unilateral absence of proximal left pulmonary artery . Characteristic sonographical findings included : ① When other intracardiac abnormalities were absent ,the inner diameter and proportion of the heart cavity was normal . ② M ulti‐view showed that the normal confluence structure disappeared at the branch of the main pulmonary artery ,and the diameter of normal pulmonary artery branch was widened . ③On the basis of three vessels and trachea view ( 3V T ) ,moved the probe up and dow n to make a transverse scan ,two‐dimensional and color Doppler flow imaging ( CDFI ) showed a large vessel ( the brachiocephalic trunk artery ) originating from the aortic arch w hich had dual vascular features ,it means that it was difficult to distinguish the pulmonary artery branch from the aortic branch . ④ On coronal view of the large vessel ,two‐dimensional and CDFI clearly showed that the large vessel originating from the aortic arch was the brachiocephalic trunk artery ,and the pulmonary artery branch connected with the brachiocephalic trunk artery by the ipsilateral vertical arterial duct ( DA ) which originated from the root of brachiocephalic trunk artery ,but the left pulmonary artery branch connected with the ventral side of the aortic arch by the left DA in UAPA fetus with T O F . ⑤Spectrum Doppler of the anomalous vessels of the lungs confirmed that it was the pulmonary artery ,and the blood flow of the anomalous PA branch was isolated and no exact connection with the main pulmonary artery . Conclusions U APA can be accurately diagnosed prenatally by echocardiography . T he brachiocephalic trunk artery coronary view is very important for the diagnosis of this disease .Early diagnosis plays an important role in prenatal counseling and prognosis assessment .

OBJECTIVETo compare two equations for calculating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the evaluation of the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the risk factors of CKD in urban healthy population.

METHODSA total of 40377 subjects (24164 males and 16213 females) participated in this study. Body height, weight and blood pressure were measured, and morning urine and venous blood samples were collected for routine urine and blood tests with measurements of blood glucose, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), creatinine and uric acid.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONUsing Japanese CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (J-EPI) equation and Chinese modified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (C-MDRD) equation, the prevalence of CKD calculated was 3.9% and 6.3% in this population, respectively. The independent risk factors of CKD included an age over 60 years, high uric acid, and high blood glucose.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Distribution ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Physical Examination ; Prevalence ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; epidemiology ; physiopathology ; Risk Factors ; Sex Distribution ; Young Adult

Objective To compare two equations for calculating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the evaluation of the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the risk factors of CKD in urban healthy population. Methods A total of 40377 subjects (24164 males and 16213 females) participated in this study. Body height, weight and blood pressure were measured, and morning urine and venous blood samples were collected for routine urine and blood tests with measurements of blood glucose, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), creatinine and uric acid. Results and Conclusion Using Japanese CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (J-EPI) equation and Chinese modified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (C-MDRD) equation, the prevalence of CKD calculated was 3.9%and 6.3%in this population, respectively. The independent risk factors of CKD included an age over 60 years, high uric acid, and high blood glucose.

Objective To compare two equations for calculating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the evaluation of the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the risk factors of CKD in urban healthy population. Methods A total of 40377 subjects (24164 males and 16213 females) participated in this study. Body height, weight and blood pressure were measured, and morning urine and venous blood samples were collected for routine urine and blood tests with measurements of blood glucose, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), creatinine and uric acid. Results and Conclusion Using Japanese CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (J-EPI) equation and Chinese modified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (C-MDRD) equation, the prevalence of CKD calculated was 3.9%and 6.3%in this population, respectively. The independent risk factors of CKD included an age over 60 years, high uric acid, and high blood glucose.

Objective To explore dynamic changes of renal cortex blood perfusion in Goto-Kakizaki rats(GK rats) by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography.The clues for early diagnosis and intervention of diabetic renal impairment may be obtained from the study.Methods Male GK rats were taken as experimental groups,and Wistar male rats were used as controls.Contrast-enhanced agent SonoVue was administered via the femoral vein cannulation in a bolus fashion.Image changes of renal cortex were observed in real time, and dynamic image changes within 0 - 5 minute after injection were observed and stored.The renal cortex blood perfusion changes were analyzed using the time-intensity curve (TIC).Results (1) The kidney was quickly enhanced after the injection of contrast agent.The renal artery, cortex, renal vein were displayed in sequence.(2)The shape of renal perfusion TIC in all the objects was a single peak,steep ascending, flat descending curve.The overall shape of TIC in GK rats was wider than controls and they were wider and wider with age increasing of the GK rats.(3) Compare to controls,the time to peak (TTP)and the half time of peak descending (HDT) in GK rats was longer (P ＜0.01), the slope rates of the ascending curve (S1) and the slope rates of the descending curve (S2) decreased and the area under the curve increased in 12-week-old and 20-week-old GK rats (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions The abnormal blood perfusion of renal cortex microcirculation was present in the early stage of diabetic in GK rats.Real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and TIC could display this change effectively.

AIM: To observe and compare the improvement of glomerul- osclerosis in rats with 5/6 nephrectomy by valsartan and benazepril. METHODS: Thirty Sprague-Dawley male rats were selected and performed five-sixths nephrectomy to produce chronic renal failure model. Two weeks after the surgery, the rats were randomly divided into model group, valsartan group and benazepril group, and established a shame group serving as normal control. The weight, blood pressure, blood uria nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine were measured on the sixth week after operation, then the rats were killed to take the kidneys for pathological histological observation. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of TGF-? 1 protein and fibronectin (FN) and collagen IV in glomeruli. RESULTS: As compared with model group, systolic pressure decreased (P