Objective:To evaluate the long-term effectiveness of lingual mucosal graft ureteroplasty (LMGU) for managing long-segment (≥5 cm) ureteral strictures in a multi-institutional cohort of patients.Methods:A multi-center retrospective case series study was conducted on clinical data from 42 patients undergoing LMGU for long-segment ureteral strictures (≥5 cm) across five institutions between February 2017 and June 2024. The cohort comprised 31 males and 11 females, with an age of (43.4±12.0) years (range: 15 to 64 years) and a body mass index of (24.6±2.6) kg/m2 (range: 16.0 to 30.0 kg/m2). Strictures involved the left ureter in 24 cases and right ureter in 18 cases, demonstrating a stricture length of (6.4±1.5) cm (range: 5.0 to 11.5 cm). Surgical interventions included either onlay ureteroplasty or augmented anastomotic ureteroplasty, selected according to intraoperative findings. Intraoperative parameters, postoperative complications, and follow-up outcomes were analyzed.Results:Laparoscopic surgery was performed in 22 cases and robot-assisted surgery in 20 cases. Among the 42 patients, 22 underwent onlay ureteroplasty while 20 received augmented anastomotic ureteroplasty. The graft length was (5.9±1.8) cm (range: 3.0 to 12.0 cm), operative time (191.5±55.6) minutes (range: 105.0 to 350.0 minutes), and intraoperative estimated blood loss (86.7±73.6) ml (range: 10.0 to 400.0 ml). All procedures were successfully completed without conversion to open surgery. The postoperative hospital stay was (7.6±2.0) days (range: 4.0 to 15.0 days), with double-J stent removal at 6 to 8 weeks postoperatively. During a follow-up of (49.1±25.0) months (range: 12.0 to 99.0 months), no stricture recurrence was observed in any patient.Conclusion:LMGU is a safe, feasible, and effective long-term technique for managing long-segment (≥5 cm) ureteral strictures.

Trimethylamine N-oxide(TMAO)is a small-molecule organic compound.Clinical studies over the past decade have shown that elevated blood levels of TMAO are positively correlated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases(CVD).Vascular remodeling(VR)is a critical pathophysiological process in the progression of CVD and is widely involved in the onset and development of conditions such as hypertension and atherosclerosis.Current research in-dicates that TMAO participates in regulating the process of VR through various mechanisms,including promoting inflamma-tory responses,enhancing oxidative stress,and inducing vascular endothelial dysfunction.Present interventional strategies targeting TMAO primarily focus on microbial modulation.This review summarizes the sources and metabolic pathways of TMAO,outlines its potential pathogenic mechanisms in VR,and explores the role of TMAO in VR as well as its potential value as a therapeutic target,aiming to provide a theoretical reference for related medical research.

Cardiovascular diseases(CVD)are characterized by high morbidity,disability,and mortality rates,making them one of the leading causes of human death worldwide.Vascular remodeling refers to changes in the structure and function of blood vessels under pathological or physiological conditions,typically occurring during processes such as tissue damage repair and disease progression.Investigating the mechanisms of vascular remodeling helps in understanding the progression of CVD,thereby developing more effective early diagnosis and treatment plans,and providing new insights for the prevention and treatment of CVD.The modeling methods of vascular remodeling are the foundation for studying vascular remodeling.Significant progress has been made in vascular remodeling models for studying multiple disease mechanisms,and they are particularly important in the fields of atherosclerosis,hypertension,and vascular remodeling.Common animal models for vascular remodeling include rats,mice,pigs,and other species.Research methods cover mechanical injury,drug intervention,genetic modification,and so on.Different types of animal models have their own advantages.For example,mouse and rat models are suitable for gene studies and high-throughput screening,while rabbit and monkey models,due to their closer resemblance to human pathology,are helpful for simulating vascular remodeling under clinical conditions.Among them,rat models are widely used as frontline models in medical research due to their cost-effectiveness and ease of operation.Current vascular remodeling models mainly rely on classical methods(such as carotid artery balloon injury method,ligation method,and arterial clamping)and are combined with emerging dietary methods(such as high-fat diet,high-salt diet)for construction.Different rat modeling methods are selected according to different experimental needs.The combination of these methods can effectively simulate different mechanisms of vascular remodeling and provide reliable animal models for CVD research.In addition,these rat models can reflect vascular responses under different pathological conditions,offering an important experimental basis for drug development and the formulation of disease treatment strategies.Although these rat models provide valuable tools for vascular remodeling research,challenges such as large model variability,poor reproducibility,and differences from clinical manifestations remain.Future research should focus on improving the accuracy and reliability of existing models to develop new animal models.This article uses rats as examples to summarize the current research progress,model types,and applications of vascular remodeling models,particularly their value in CVD and vascular remodeling research,and provides a theoretical reference for future vascular remodeling-related research by reviewing the advantages and disadvantages of different rat vascular remodeling models.

Cardiovascular diseases(CVD)are characterized by high morbidity,disability,and mortality rates,making them one of the leading causes of human death worldwide.Vascular remodeling refers to changes in the structure and function of blood vessels under pathological or physiological conditions,typically occurring during processes such as tissue damage repair and disease progression.Investigating the mechanisms of vascular remodeling helps in understanding the progression of CVD,thereby developing more effective early diagnosis and treatment plans,and providing new insights for the prevention and treatment of CVD.The modeling methods of vascular remodeling are the foundation for studying vascular remodeling.Significant progress has been made in vascular remodeling models for studying multiple disease mechanisms,and they are particularly important in the fields of atherosclerosis,hypertension,and vascular remodeling.Common animal models for vascular remodeling include rats,mice,pigs,and other species.Research methods cover mechanical injury,drug intervention,genetic modification,and so on.Different types of animal models have their own advantages.For example,mouse and rat models are suitable for gene studies and high-throughput screening,while rabbit and monkey models,due to their closer resemblance to human pathology,are helpful for simulating vascular remodeling under clinical conditions.Among them,rat models are widely used as frontline models in medical research due to their cost-effectiveness and ease of operation.Current vascular remodeling models mainly rely on classical methods(such as carotid artery balloon injury method,ligation method,and arterial clamping)and are combined with emerging dietary methods(such as high-fat diet,high-salt diet)for construction.Different rat modeling methods are selected according to different experimental needs.The combination of these methods can effectively simulate different mechanisms of vascular remodeling and provide reliable animal models for CVD research.In addition,these rat models can reflect vascular responses under different pathological conditions,offering an important experimental basis for drug development and the formulation of disease treatment strategies.Although these rat models provide valuable tools for vascular remodeling research,challenges such as large model variability,poor reproducibility,and differences from clinical manifestations remain.Future research should focus on improving the accuracy and reliability of existing models to develop new animal models.This article uses rats as examples to summarize the current research progress,model types,and applications of vascular remodeling models,particularly their value in CVD and vascular remodeling research,and provides a theoretical reference for future vascular remodeling-related research by reviewing the advantages and disadvantages of different rat vascular remodeling models.

Trimethylamine N-oxide(TMAO)is a small-molecule organic compound.Clinical studies over the past decade have shown that elevated blood levels of TMAO are positively correlated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases(CVD).Vascular remodeling(VR)is a critical pathophysiological process in the progression of CVD and is widely involved in the onset and development of conditions such as hypertension and atherosclerosis.Current research in-dicates that TMAO participates in regulating the process of VR through various mechanisms,including promoting inflamma-tory responses,enhancing oxidative stress,and inducing vascular endothelial dysfunction.Present interventional strategies targeting TMAO primarily focus on microbial modulation.This review summarizes the sources and metabolic pathways of TMAO,outlines its potential pathogenic mechanisms in VR,and explores the role of TMAO in VR as well as its potential value as a therapeutic target,aiming to provide a theoretical reference for related medical research.

Objective:To evaluate the long-term effectiveness of lingual mucosal graft ureteroplasty (LMGU) for managing long-segment (≥5 cm) ureteral strictures in a multi-institutional cohort of patients.Methods:A multi-center retrospective case series study was conducted on clinical data from 42 patients undergoing LMGU for long-segment ureteral strictures (≥5 cm) across five institutions between February 2017 and June 2024. The cohort comprised 31 males and 11 females, with an age of (43.4±12.0) years (range: 15 to 64 years) and a body mass index of (24.6±2.6) kg/m2 (range: 16.0 to 30.0 kg/m2). Strictures involved the left ureter in 24 cases and right ureter in 18 cases, demonstrating a stricture length of (6.4±1.5) cm (range: 5.0 to 11.5 cm). Surgical interventions included either onlay ureteroplasty or augmented anastomotic ureteroplasty, selected according to intraoperative findings. Intraoperative parameters, postoperative complications, and follow-up outcomes were analyzed.Results:Laparoscopic surgery was performed in 22 cases and robot-assisted surgery in 20 cases. Among the 42 patients, 22 underwent onlay ureteroplasty while 20 received augmented anastomotic ureteroplasty. The graft length was (5.9±1.8) cm (range: 3.0 to 12.0 cm), operative time (191.5±55.6) minutes (range: 105.0 to 350.0 minutes), and intraoperative estimated blood loss (86.7±73.6) ml (range: 10.0 to 400.0 ml). All procedures were successfully completed without conversion to open surgery. The postoperative hospital stay was (7.6±2.0) days (range: 4.0 to 15.0 days), with double-J stent removal at 6 to 8 weeks postoperatively. During a follow-up of (49.1±25.0) months (range: 12.0 to 99.0 months), no stricture recurrence was observed in any patient.Conclusion:LMGU is a safe, feasible, and effective long-term technique for managing long-segment (≥5 cm) ureteral strictures.