The Pharmacovigilance Guidelines for Clinical Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine Injections （hereinafter referred to as the Guidelines） were released by the China Association of Chinese Medicine， with the standard number T/CACM 1563.4—2024. It is the first specialized guideline in China on the approach to pharmacovigilance activities for the clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine injections （TCMIs）. The Guidelines were jointly developed by the Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine， China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences， along with 30 experts in TCM pharmacovigilance， clinical practice （TCM， as well as integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine），and evidence-based medicine from across the country. This publication filled the gap in standard documents in this field， both domestically and internationally. The Guidelines were formulated according to GB/T1.1—2020 Directives for standardization—Part 1： Rules for the structure and drafting of standardizing documents， the WHO Handbook for Guideline Development，and other methodological norms. Based on international norms，national laws and regulations，and scientific research results in the field of pharmacovigilance， methods adopted included expert interviews，literature research，nominal group technique， and Delphi method. Then， key points for pharmacovigilance for TCM injections were summarized and clarified in the four critical sections of "monitoring"，"identification"，"assessment"，and "control". The development process of the Guidelines included project initiation， international registration， expert interviews， literature search， and evaluation. Based on the research results of these steps，a draft was formed and revised through multiple rounds of in-group expert discussion and peer evaluations by 56 external experts. After revisions by the working group based on the feedback， the final version was formed. The Guidelines came into effect on January 8，2024，providing suggestions and reference norms for pharmacovigilance in the clinical application of TCMIs. To further promote the application and popularization of the Guidelines and help pharmacovigilance personnel better understand the development process，this study elucidates the background，methodological framework，and key development steps of the Guidelines.

The Pharmacovigilance Guidelines for Clinical Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine Injections （hereinafter referred to as the Guidelines） were released by the China Association of Chinese Medicine， with the standard number T/CACM 1563.4—2024. It is the first specialized guideline in China on the approach to pharmacovigilance activities for the clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine injections （TCMIs）. The Guidelines were jointly developed by the Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine， China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences， along with 30 experts in TCM pharmacovigilance， clinical practice （TCM， as well as integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine），and evidence-based medicine from across the country. This publication filled the gap in standard documents in this field， both domestically and internationally. The Guidelines were formulated according to GB/T1.1—2020 Directives for standardization—Part 1： Rules for the structure and drafting of standardizing documents， the WHO Handbook for Guideline Development，and other methodological norms. Based on international norms，national laws and regulations，and scientific research results in the field of pharmacovigilance， methods adopted included expert interviews，literature research，nominal group technique， and Delphi method. Then， key points for pharmacovigilance for TCM injections were summarized and clarified in the four critical sections of "monitoring"，"identification"，"assessment"，and "control". The development process of the Guidelines included project initiation， international registration， expert interviews， literature search， and evaluation. Based on the research results of these steps，a draft was formed and revised through multiple rounds of in-group expert discussion and peer evaluations by 56 external experts. After revisions by the working group based on the feedback， the final version was formed. The Guidelines came into effect on January 8，2024，providing suggestions and reference norms for pharmacovigilance in the clinical application of TCMIs. To further promote the application and popularization of the Guidelines and help pharmacovigilance personnel better understand the development process，this study elucidates the background，methodological framework，and key development steps of the Guidelines.

Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes （PNS） are immune-mediated disorders of the nervous system triggered by cross-immune response induced by tumor-associated antigens. Since high-risk paraneoplastic antibodies are highy associated with malignancies， they have an important clinical value in the early recognition， tumor screening， and prognostic assessment of PNS. The diagnostic criteria updated in 2021 further refined the classification of high-risk antibodies and clarified their value in risk assessment. This article systematically reviews the clinical spectrum， tumor associations， and immunopathogenic mechanisms of neurological disorders associated with the high-risk paraneoplastic antibodies such as anti-Hu， anti-Ri， anti-CV2， anti-Ma2， anti-amphiphysin， anti-Yo， anti-PCA2， anti-Tr， anti-SOX1， and anti-KLHL11 antibodies. Immunotherapy combined with active control of primary tumor is the main treatment strategy for such disease， but with a limited overall therapeutic effect， and early identification is of particular importance. In the era of the wide application of immune checkpoint inhibitors （ICIs）， the risk of ICIs in inducing or exacerbating should be taken seriously in clinical practice. Mechanistic research， multimodal diagnostic approaches， and individualized treatment strategies should be enhanced in the future to improve the prognosis of patients.

Bovine piroplasmosis, caused by infections with genus of Babesia and Theileria, is a tick-borne hemoparasitic disease. Recovered cattle often become asymptomatic persistent carriers, which represent potential sources of infection, and the pathogens of some forms of bovine piroplasmosis have zoonotic potential, which greatly threatens the public health security. Currently, the etiological diagnostic approaches of bovine piroplasmosis mainly include microscopy of blood smears, PCR assay, fluorescent quantitative real-time PCR assay, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification, and serological assay mainly includes indirect fluorescent antibody assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunochromatographic assay. This article systematically reviews the advances in the application of etiological approaches and serological assay for diagnosis of bovine piroplasmosis, and proposes future directions in the development of bovine piroplasmosis diagnosis, so as to provide insights into effective surveillance and precision control of bovine piroplasmosis in China.

Lung cancer constitutes the most prevalent and lethal malignant tumor in China. Approximately 85% of lung cancer diagnoses correspond to the non-small cell histological subtype [non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)]. Despite surgery being the mainstay for early-stage disease, postoperative recurrence remains high and adjuvant chemotherapy offers limited benefit. In recent years, targeted therapy has demonstrated substantial advantages in driver mutation-positive NSCLC. To this end, the Lung Cancer Medical Education Committee of the Chinese Medical Education Association developed guidelines based on a systematic review of evidence through November 2025, using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) approach and a modified Delphi method. Focusing on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), and addressing ROS proto-oncogene 1 (ROS1), B-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine kinase (BRAF) V600E mutation, and mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET) exon 14 (METex14) skipping, the guideline covers molecular testing, neoadjuvant/adjuvant therapy, perioperative strategies, minimal residual disease monitoring, and postoperative surveillance. It defines testing requirements, specifies stage-directed and subtype-specific treatments, and standardizes minimal residual disease monitoring. These recommendations emphasize precision and feasibility to improve survival and quality of life.

As a patented characteristic medicine of Yi ethnic minority， Pingxuan capsules have the effects of nourishing the liver and kidney， pacifying the liver， and subduing Yang. With the main indications of dizziness， headache， palpitations， tinnitus， insomnia， dreaminess， waist and knee soreness caused by liver-kidney deficiency and liver Yang upward disturbance， Pingxuan capsules are widely used in the treatment of posterior circulation ischemic vertigo， vestibular migraine， benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. However， the current knowledge is limited regarding the efficacy， syndrome differentiation， and safety of this medicine. On the basis of summarizing the experience of clinicians and the existing evidence， this study invites clinical experts of traditional Chinese and Western medicine， pharmaceutical experts， and methodological experts from relevant fields across China to conduct evidence-based evaluation of Pingxuan capsules. The evaluation follows the Specifications for the Development of Clinical Expert Consensus on Chinese Patent Medicines issued by the Standardization Office of the China Association of Chinese Medicine， and reaches 5 recommendations and 16 consensus suggestions. The consensus clarifies the clinical applications， efficacy， dose， course of treatment， combination of medicines， precautions， and contraindications of Pingxuan capsules in the treatment of vertigo and explains the safety of clinical application. This consensus is applicable to clinicians （traditional Chinese medicine， Western medicine， and integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine） and pharmacists in tertiary hospitals， secondary hospitals， and community-level medical and health institutions across China， providing a reference for the rational use of Pingxuan capsules in the treatment of vertigo. It is hoped that the promotion of this consensus can facilitate the rational use of drugs in clinical practice， reduce the risk of drug use， and give full play to the advantages of Pingxuan capsules in the treatment of vertigo diseases. This consensus has been reviewed and published by the China Association of Chinese Medicine， with the number GS/CACM330-2023.

Immunotherapy has emerged as a revolutionary approach to treat immune-related diseases. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in orchestrating immune responses, making them an attractive target for immunotherapeutic interventions. Modulation of gene expression in DCs using genome editing techniques, such as the CRISPR-Cas system, is important for regulating DC functions. However, the precise delivery of CRISPR-based therapies to DCs has posed a significant challenge. While lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have been extensively studied for gene editing in tumor cells, their potential application in DCs has remained relatively unexplored. This study investigates the important role of cholesterol in regulating the efficiency of BAMEA-O16B lipid-assisted nanoparticles (BLANs) as carriers of CRISPR/Cas9 for gene editing in DCs. Remarkably, BLANs with low cholesterol density exhibit exceptional mRNA uptake, improved endosomal escape, and efficient single-guide RNA release capabilities. Administration of BLAN_mCas9/gPD-L1 results in substantial PD-L1 gene knockout in conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), accompanied by heightened cDC1 activation, T cell stimulation, and significant suppression of tumor growth. The study underscores the pivotal role of cholesterol density within LNPs, revealing potent influence on gene editing efficacy within DCs. This strategy holds immense promise for the field of cancer immunotherapy, offering a novel avenue for treating immune-related diseases.

Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive cannabinoid, shows great promise in treating methamphetamine (METH) addiction. Nonetheless, the molecular target and the mechanism through which CBD treats METH addiction remain unexplored. Herein, CBD was shown to counteract METH-induced locomotor sensitization and conditioned place preference. Additionally, CBD mitigated the adverse effects of METH, such as cristae loss, a decline in ATP content, and a reduction in membrane potential. Employing an activity-based protein profiling approach, a target fishing strategy was used to uncover CBD's direct target. ATP5A1, a subunit of ATP synthase, was identified and validated as a CBD target. Moreover, CBD demonstrated the ability to ameliorate METH-induced ubiquitination of ATP5A1 via the D376 residue, thereby reversing the METH-induced reduction of ATP5A1 and promoting the assembly of ATP synthase. Pharmacological inhibition of the ATP efflux channel pannexin 1, blockade of ATP hydrolysis by a CD39 inhibitor, and blocking the adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) all attenuated the therapeutic benefits of CBD in mitigating METH-induced behavioral sensitization and CPP. Moreover, the RNA interference of ATP5A1 in the ventral tegmental area resulted in the reversal of CBD's therapeutic efficacy against METH addiction. Collectively, these data show that ATP5A1 is a target for CBD to inhibit METH-induced addiction behaviors through the ADO-A1R signaling pathway.

Apical microsurgery is accurate and minimally invasive, produces few complications, and has a success rate of more than 90%. However, due to the lack of awareness and understanding of apical microsurgery by dental general practitioners and even endodontists, many clinical problems remain to be overcome. The consensus has gathered well-known domestic experts to hold a series of special discussions and reached the consensus. This document specifies the indications, contraindications, preoperative preparations, operational procedures, complication prevention measures, and efficacy evaluation of apical microsurgery and is applicable to dentists who perform apical microsurgery after systematic training.
Microsurgery/standards* ; Humans ; Apicoectomy ; Contraindications, Procedure ; Tooth Apex/diagnostic imaging* ; Postoperative Complications/prevention & control* ; Consensus ; Treatment Outcome