Background and Objectives: It is unknown whether the presence of low body mass index (BMI) influences the incidence of laryngeal cancer. In a national population-based study, we investigated their relationship retrospectively.Subjects and Method Using the data of Korean Health Insurance claims database, we selected adults aged 20 years or older who underwent a national health examination from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2008 and were followed up until 2015 for the occurrence of laryngeal cancer. The hazard ratio of laryngeal cancer according to BMI and smoking status in the subjects was analyzed and adjusted for factors such as age, sex, alcohol consumption, and exercise status. Results: Finally, a total of 13675470 subjects were included in the study, and we found that laryngeal cancer occurred in 3731 of those subjects. The risk of developing laryngeal cancer was significantly associated with underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) even after adjustment (hazard ratio of 1.27; 95% confidence interval of 1.11-1.46). There was also a difference according to smoking status. Underweight was not associated with laryngeal cancer in never-smokers, but in ex-smokers and current smokers. Conclusion Being underweight can increase the risk of laryngeal cancer. In particular, this risk can increase if you drink and smoke at the same time.

Background and Objectives: It is unknown whether the presence of low body mass index (BMI) influences the incidence of laryngeal cancer. In a national population-based study, we investigated their relationship retrospectively.Subjects and Method Using the data of Korean Health Insurance claims database, we selected adults aged 20 years or older who underwent a national health examination from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2008 and were followed up until 2015 for the occurrence of laryngeal cancer. The hazard ratio of laryngeal cancer according to BMI and smoking status in the subjects was analyzed and adjusted for factors such as age, sex, alcohol consumption, and exercise status. Results: Finally, a total of 13675470 subjects were included in the study, and we found that laryngeal cancer occurred in 3731 of those subjects. The risk of developing laryngeal cancer was significantly associated with underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) even after adjustment (hazard ratio of 1.27; 95% confidence interval of 1.11-1.46). There was also a difference according to smoking status. Underweight was not associated with laryngeal cancer in never-smokers, but in ex-smokers and current smokers. Conclusion Being underweight can increase the risk of laryngeal cancer. In particular, this risk can increase if you drink and smoke at the same time.

Background and Objectives: It is unknown whether the presence of low body mass index (BMI) influences the incidence of laryngeal cancer. In a national population-based study, we investigated their relationship retrospectively.Subjects and Method Using the data of Korean Health Insurance claims database, we selected adults aged 20 years or older who underwent a national health examination from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2008 and were followed up until 2015 for the occurrence of laryngeal cancer. The hazard ratio of laryngeal cancer according to BMI and smoking status in the subjects was analyzed and adjusted for factors such as age, sex, alcohol consumption, and exercise status. Results: Finally, a total of 13675470 subjects were included in the study, and we found that laryngeal cancer occurred in 3731 of those subjects. The risk of developing laryngeal cancer was significantly associated with underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) even after adjustment (hazard ratio of 1.27; 95% confidence interval of 1.11-1.46). There was also a difference according to smoking status. Underweight was not associated with laryngeal cancer in never-smokers, but in ex-smokers and current smokers. Conclusion Being underweight can increase the risk of laryngeal cancer. In particular, this risk can increase if you drink and smoke at the same time.

Background and Objectives: It is unknown whether the presence of low body mass index (BMI) influences the incidence of laryngeal cancer. In a national population-based study, we investigated their relationship retrospectively.Subjects and Method Using the data of Korean Health Insurance claims database, we selected adults aged 20 years or older who underwent a national health examination from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2008 and were followed up until 2015 for the occurrence of laryngeal cancer. The hazard ratio of laryngeal cancer according to BMI and smoking status in the subjects was analyzed and adjusted for factors such as age, sex, alcohol consumption, and exercise status. Results: Finally, a total of 13675470 subjects were included in the study, and we found that laryngeal cancer occurred in 3731 of those subjects. The risk of developing laryngeal cancer was significantly associated with underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) even after adjustment (hazard ratio of 1.27; 95% confidence interval of 1.11-1.46). There was also a difference according to smoking status. Underweight was not associated with laryngeal cancer in never-smokers, but in ex-smokers and current smokers. Conclusion Being underweight can increase the risk of laryngeal cancer. In particular, this risk can increase if you drink and smoke at the same time.

Background and Objectives: A comprehensive survey of congenital heart disease (CHD) prevalence has not yet been conducted in South Korea. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of CHDs in Korean children and lay the foundation for national CHD epidemiology. Methods: Target patients were infantile crucial CHDs, which include critical CHDs (requiring urgent procedures after birth with common hypoxemic defects) and diverse categorical defects excluding simple shunt defects. Data were obtained from the National Health Insurance Service over a 5-year period (2014–2018). Birth prevalence (new cases per 1,000 live births) of CHDs in Korea was analyzed and compared with that of other countries. Results: The birth prevalences of right heart obstructive defects (pulmonary valve stenosis and pulmonary atresia), conus anomalies (tetralogy of Fallot and double outlet right ventricle), and total anomalous pulmonary venous return showed significant increases in the East Asian group (P<0.001), whereas those of left heart obstructive defects (coarctation of aorta, aortic stenosis, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome), truncus anomalies (D-transposition of great artery and persistent truncus arteriosus), atrioventricular septal defect, and hypoplastic right heart syndrome were significantly decreased in the East Asian group (P<0.001). Conclusions The overall birth prevalence of crucial CHDs in Korea was similar to that of critical CHDs in previous studies from other countries. Some subtypes of right heart obstructive defects, left heart obstructive defects, and conotruncal anomalies showed significant differences between East Asian and Western populations. This study contributes to a foundation for national CHD epidemiology in Korean children.

Background and Objectives: A comprehensive survey of congenital heart disease (CHD) prevalence has not yet been conducted in South Korea. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of CHDs in Korean children and lay the foundation for national CHD epidemiology. Methods: Target patients were infantile crucial CHDs, which include critical CHDs (requiring urgent procedures after birth with common hypoxemic defects) and diverse categorical defects excluding simple shunt defects. Data were obtained from the National Health Insurance Service over a 5-year period (2014–2018). Birth prevalence (new cases per 1,000 live births) of CHDs in Korea was analyzed and compared with that of other countries. Results: The birth prevalences of right heart obstructive defects (pulmonary valve stenosis and pulmonary atresia), conus anomalies (tetralogy of Fallot and double outlet right ventricle), and total anomalous pulmonary venous return showed significant increases in the East Asian group (P<0.001), whereas those of left heart obstructive defects (coarctation of aorta, aortic stenosis, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome), truncus anomalies (D-transposition of great artery and persistent truncus arteriosus), atrioventricular septal defect, and hypoplastic right heart syndrome were significantly decreased in the East Asian group (P<0.001). Conclusions The overall birth prevalence of crucial CHDs in Korea was similar to that of critical CHDs in previous studies from other countries. Some subtypes of right heart obstructive defects, left heart obstructive defects, and conotruncal anomalies showed significant differences between East Asian and Western populations. This study contributes to a foundation for national CHD epidemiology in Korean children.

Background and Objectives: A comprehensive survey of congenital heart disease (CHD) prevalence has not yet been conducted in South Korea. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of CHDs in Korean children and lay the foundation for national CHD epidemiology. Methods: Target patients were infantile crucial CHDs, which include critical CHDs (requiring urgent procedures after birth with common hypoxemic defects) and diverse categorical defects excluding simple shunt defects. Data were obtained from the National Health Insurance Service over a 5-year period (2014–2018). Birth prevalence (new cases per 1,000 live births) of CHDs in Korea was analyzed and compared with that of other countries. Results: The birth prevalences of right heart obstructive defects (pulmonary valve stenosis and pulmonary atresia), conus anomalies (tetralogy of Fallot and double outlet right ventricle), and total anomalous pulmonary venous return showed significant increases in the East Asian group (P<0.001), whereas those of left heart obstructive defects (coarctation of aorta, aortic stenosis, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome), truncus anomalies (D-transposition of great artery and persistent truncus arteriosus), atrioventricular septal defect, and hypoplastic right heart syndrome were significantly decreased in the East Asian group (P<0.001). Conclusions The overall birth prevalence of crucial CHDs in Korea was similar to that of critical CHDs in previous studies from other countries. Some subtypes of right heart obstructive defects, left heart obstructive defects, and conotruncal anomalies showed significant differences between East Asian and Western populations. This study contributes to a foundation for national CHD epidemiology in Korean children.

Background: s/Aims: Reported incidence of extrahepatic bile duct cancer is higher in Asians than in Western populations. Korea, in particular, is one of the countries with the highest incidence rates of extrahepatic bile duct cancer in the world. Although research and innovative therapeutic modalities for extrahepatic bile duct cancer are emerging, clinical guidelines are currently unavailable in Korea. The Korean Society of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery in collaboration with related societies (Korean Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery Society, Korean Society of Abdominal Radiology, Korean Society of Medical Oncology, Korean Society of Radiation Oncology, Korean Society of Pathologists, and Korean Society of Nuclear Medicine) decided to establish clinical guideline for extrahepatic bile duct cancer in June 2021. Methods: Contents of the guidelines were developed through subgroup meetings for each key question and a preliminary draft was finalized through a Clinical Guidelines Committee workshop. Results: In November 2021, the finalized draft was presented for public scrutiny during a formal hearing. Conclusions The extrahepatic guideline committee believed that this guideline could be helpful in the treatment of patients.

Purpose: Perspectives of radiation oncologists on oligometastatic disease was investigated using multi-layered survey. Materials and Methods: Online survey on the oligometastatic disease was distributed to the board-certified regular members of the Korean Society for Radiation Oncology. The questionnaire consisted of four domains: five questions on demographics; five on the definition of oligometastatic disease; four on the role of local therapy; and three on the oligometastatic disease classification, respectively. Results: A total of 135 radiation oncologists participated in the survey. The median length of practice after board certification was 22.5 years (range, 1 to 44 years), and the vast majority (94.1%) answered affirmatively to the clinical experience in oligometastatic disease management. Nearly two-thirds of the respondents considered the number of involved organs as an independent factor in defining oligometastasis. Most frequently perceived upper limit on the numerical definition of oligometastasis was 5 (64.2%), followed by 3 (26.0%), respectively. Peritoneal and brain metastasis were nominated as the sites to be excluded from oligometastastic disease by 56.3% and 12.6% of the participants, respectively. Vast majority (82.1%) agreed on the role of local treatment in the management of oligometastatic disease. Majority (72%) of the participants acknowledged the European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology (ESTRO)–European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) classification of oligometastatic disease, however, only 43.3% answered that they applied this classification in their clinical practice. Underlying reasons against the clinical use were ‘too complicated’ (66.0%), followed by ‘insufficient supporting evidence’ (30.0%), respectively. Conclusion While most radiation oncologists supported the role of local therapy in oligometastatic disease, there were several inconsistencies in defining and categorizing oligometastatic disease. Continued education and training on oligometastatic disease would be also required to build consensus among participating caregivers.

Purpose: There is increasing interest in the efficacy of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) for treating colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with oligometastases (OM), recently. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate local control (LC), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) of CRC patients with pulmonary OM treated with SABR and toxicities. Materials and Methods: Studies that reported SABR for CRC patients with pulmonary OM were searched from MEDLINE and Embase. Treatment outcomes including LC, PFS, OS, and toxicities of grade 3 or higher were assessed. Results: A total of 19 studies with 1,668 patients were chosen for this meta-analysis. Pooled 1-, 2-, and 3-year LC rates were 83.1%, 69.3%, and 63.9%, respectively. PFS rates were 44.8%, 26.5%, and 21.5% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. OS rates at 1-, 2-, and 3-year were 87.5%, 69.9%, and 60.5%, respectively. The toxicity rate of grade 3 or higher was 3.6%. The effect of dose escalation was meta-analyzed using available studies. Conclusion Application of SABR to CRC patients with pulmonary OM achieved modest local control with acceptable toxicity according to the present meta-analysis. Further studies establishing the clinical efficacy of SABR are guaranteed.