Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of Compound Chamomile and Lidocaine Hydrochloride Gel for postoperative hypospadias in children. METHODS: From January to December 2020, we treated 116 children with distal hypospadias in the Department of Urology, Department of Pediatrics and the Seventh Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, 58 by primary Snodgrass urethroplasty only (the control group) and the other 58 with Compound Chamomile and Lidocaine Hydrochloride Gel smeared on the penis postoperatively in addition (the trial group). We compared the operation time and postoperative pain score, edema regression and incidence of infection between the two groups, followed by statistical analysis using T test and Chi-square test. RESULTS: All the operations were successfully completed by the same surgeon under general anesthesia. There were no statistically significant differences between the trial and control groups in age (［2.5 ± 0.8］ vs ［2.4 ± 0.6］ yr, P > 0.05) or operation time (［95.6 ± 14.5］ vs ［97.1 ± 15.2］ min, P > 0.05). No incision infection occurred in any of the cases. The pain scores at dressing removal were remarkably lower in the trial than in the control group at 2 hours (1.4 ± 1.0 vs 2.6 ± 1.3, P < 0.05), 24 hours (2.2 ± 1.3 vs 3.9 ± 1.6, P < 0.05), 48 hours (1.2 ± 0.7 vs 1.6 ± 0.9, P < 0.05) and 72 hours after surgery (2.5 ± 0.8 vs 3.7 ± 1.8, P < 0.05). Significantly more cases of edema regression were achieved in the trial than in the control group at 2 weeks postoperatively (35 vs 19, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Compound Chamomile and Lidocaine Hydrochloride Gel can effectively relieve pain, reduce edema and accelerate edema regression after surgery in children with hypospadias, and therefore deserves wide clinical application.、.
Chamomile ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Hypospadias/surgery* ; Lidocaine/therapeutic use* ; Male ; Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy* ; Postoperative Period

Apigenin (4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavone) is a flavonoid commonly found in many fruits and vegetables such as parsley, chamomile, celery, and kumquats. In the last few decades, recognition of apigenin as a cancer chemopreventive agent has increased. Significant progress has been made in studying the chemopreventive aspects of apigenin both in vitro and in vivo. Several studies have demonstrated that the anticarcinogenic properties of apigenin occur through regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress and DNA damage, suppression of inflammation and angiogenesis, retardation of cell proliferation, and induction of autophagy and apoptosis. One of the most well-recognized mechanisms of apigenin is the capability to promote cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis through the p53-related pathway. A further role of apigenin in chemoprevention is the induction of autophagy in several human cancer cell lines. In this review, we discuss the details of apigenin, apoptosis, autophagy, and the role of apigenin in cancer chemoprevention via the induction of apoptosis and autophagy.
Apigenin* ; Apium graveolens ; Apoptosis* ; Autophagy* ; Cell Cycle Checkpoints ; Cell Line ; Cell Proliferation ; Chamomile ; Chemoprevention ; DNA Damage ; Fruit ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Inflammation ; Oxidative Stress ; Petroselinum ; Rutaceae ; Vegetables

OBJECTIVETo compare the antioxidant active components from two species of chamomile-matricaria and Roman chamomile produced in Xinjiang.

METHODThe TLC-bioautography was used, with 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical as the experimental model. The peak areas of various antioxidant components were obtained by TLC-scanning for analyzing antioxidant active components contained in volatile oil extracts and flavone extracts from the two species of chamomiles. The total peak area was taken as the indicator for comparing the antioxidant capacities of the two types of extracts, and comparing them with the total antioxidant activity of flavone extracts of the two species of chamomiles.

RESULTSAccording to the result of TLC-bioautography in volatile oil extracts from the two species of chamomiles, volatile oil extracts from chamomile showed four white antioxidant spots, including en-yne-dicycloether, and volatile oil extracts from Roman chamomile showed only one white antioxidant spot. The TLC-scanning result showed that the peak area of antioxidant spots of volatile oil extracts from chamomile was significantly larger than that of volatile oil extracts from Roman chamomile. According to the test on the antioxidant activity of the two species of chamomiles with ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, the concentration of chamomile after scavenging 50% of DPPH radicals was 0.66 g x L(-1), whereas the figure for Roman chamomile was 0.33 g x L(-1). According to the result of TLC-bioautography in flavone extracts from the two species of chamomiles, flavone extracts from chamomile showed seven yellowish antioxidant spots, including apigenin and apigenin-7-glucoside, and flavone extracts of Roman chamomile showed eight yellowish antioxidant spots, including apigenin and apigenin-7-glucoside. The TLC-scanning results showed that the peak area of antioxidant spots of flavone extracts from Roman chamomile was significantly larger than that of flavone extracts from chamomile.

CONCLUSIONVolatile oil extracts from the two species of chamomiles have significant difference in the antioxidant activity in TLC-bioautography. Specifically, the antioxidant activity of volatile oil extracts from chamomile is stronger than volatile oil extracts from Roman chamomile; the known antioxidant active components in volatile oil extracts from chamomile is en-yne-dicycloether, while all of the other three antioxidant active components as well as antioxidant active components in volatile oil extracts from Roman chamomile are unknown components and remain to be further determined. Considering the significant difference in the number of antioxidant active spots in volatile oil extracts from the two species of chamomiles, the result can be applied to distinguish the two species of chamomiles. The antioxidant activity determination result for flavone extracts from two species of chamomiles was consistent with the result of TLC-bioautography, showing that flavone extracts from chamomile and Roman chamomile are more antioxidant active, while that of Roman chamomile is stronger than chamomile. Flavone extracts from both of the two species of chamomiles contain apigenin and pigenin-7-glucoside, which are known, while all of the other five antioxidant active components contained in flavone extracts from chamomile and the other six antioxidant active components contained in flavone extracts from Roman chamomile are unknown and remain to be further identified. The method lays a foundation for further identification of antioxidant active components contained in chamomile.

Antioxidants ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Apigenin ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Biphenyl Compounds ; metabolism ; Chamaemelum ; chemistry ; Chromatography, Thin Layer ; methods ; Flavones ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Free Radical Scavengers ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Glucosides ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Matricaria ; chemistry ; Oils, Volatile ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Picrates ; metabolism ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Plant Oils ; chemistry ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the acaricidal activity of extracts of three essential oils of chamomile, marjoram and Eucalyptus against Tetranychus urticae (T. urticae) Koch.

METHODSExtracts of three essential oils of chamomile, marjoram and Eucalyptus with different concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0% and 4.0%) were used to control T. urticae Koch.

RESULTSThe results showed that chamomile (Chamomilla recutita) represented the most potent efficient acaricidal agent against Tetranychus followed by marjoram (Marjorana hortensis) and Eucalyptus. The LC50 values of chamomile, marjoram and Eucalyptus for adults were 0.65, 1.84 and 2.18, respectively and for eggs 1.17, 6.26 and 7.33, respectively. Activities of enzymes including glutathione-S-transferase, esterase (α-esterase and β-esterase) and alkaline phosphatase in susceptible mites were determined and activities of enzymes involved in the resistance of acaricides were proved. Protease enzyme was significantly decreased at LC50 of both chamomile and marjoram compared with positive control. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) proved that the major compositions of Chamomilla recutita are α-bisabolol oxide A (35.251%), and trans-β-farersene (7.758%), while the main components of Marjorana hortensis are terpinene-4-ol (23.860%), p-cymene (23.404%) and sabinene (10.904%).

CONCLUSIONSIt can be concluded that extracts of three essential oils of chamomile, marjoram and Eucalyptus possess acaricidal activity against T. urticae.

Acaricides ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Chamomile ; chemistry ; Drug Resistance ; Enzymes ; analysis ; Eucalyptus ; chemistry ; Female ; Male ; Oils, Volatile ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Origanum ; chemistry ; Survival Analysis ; Tetranychidae ; drug effects ; enzymology

PURPOSE: This study identifies research trends and provides fundamental data related to curative power of aromatherapy to relieve pain in Korea. METHODS: The study analyzed 44 experimental studies on humans that were published in Korea before the end of December, 2009. The key words used for searching were: aroma, aromatherapy, hyang-yobeob, hyanggi-yobeob, hyanggichilyo, aromatherapy and pain, headache, scapulodynia, omodynia, feeling uncomfortable in the perineal region, sense of pain, labor pains, arm pain, menstrual pain, aches, and dysmenorrheal. Those words were found on websites, including those for Korea Education & Research Information Service, the National Assembly Library, KISS, KoreaMed, and NDSL. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: The results showed that most of essential oils to relieve pain is composed of three to four kinds of oils, including Lavender, Roman chamomile, Rosemary, and Clarysage. Aromatherapy is applied usually by means of massage (50%), inhalation (13.6%), or a combination of the above two (13.6%). Measuring instruments as a dependent variable include VAS, questionnaire, GRS, blood pressure, pulse, and Algometer. Aromatherapy plays an important role in soothing headaches and arthralgia. However, when it comes to labor and menstrual pain, it doesn't seem to be effective. CONCLUSION: The study found that different kinds of oil, frequencies, and periods of time are used for the same symptoms. Further research should employ standardized oil blending, application, duration, and measuring instruments, and more systematically analyze the effects of aromatherapy to establish the effects on relieving pain.
Arm ; Aromatherapy ; Arthralgia ; Blood Pressure ; Chamaemelum ; Dysmenorrhea ; Female ; Headache ; Humans ; Information Services ; Inhalation ; Korea ; Labor Pain ; Lavandula ; Massage ; Oils ; Oils, Volatile ; Pregnancy ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study was done to examine the effects of aroma inhalation therapy on pain post tonsillectomy. METHOD: A non-equivalent control group pre- and post-test design was used. The research instruments used in this study were a pain perception measurement and vital signs (systolic & diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate levels). Twenty-five patients in the experimental group went through aroma inhalation therapy for ten minutes after the tonsillectomy. The aroma inhalation therapy used was a blended oil, a mixture of Lavender and Loman chamomile in the ratio of 2:1. The 25 patients in the control group did not receive the therapy. Before and after the experiment, both groups were tested for pain (pain perception and vital signs). Collected data were processed with the SPSS WIN. Ver. 14.0 program and analyzed using frequencies, percentages, chi2-test, Fisher's exact test, t-test and ANCOVA. RESULTS: Pain perception of patients was not significantly reduced. However systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate were significantly reduced. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate that aroma inhalation is a partially effective nursing intervention to reduce the post-operative tonsillectomy pain.
Aromatherapy ; Blood Pressure ; Chamomile ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Lavandula ; Pain Perception ; Respiratory Therapy ; Tonsillectomy ; Vital Signs

PURPOSE: This study was done to examine the effects of aroma hand massage on stress response and sleep in hospitalized elderly patients. METHODS: A non-equivalent pre-and post-test design was used. Sixty-six hospitalized patients were recruited using a convenience sampling method and assigned to the experimental (n=34) or the control group (n=32). For the experiment, bergamot, lavender, and roman camomile oil were mixed in 2:1:1 ratio to provide aroma hand massage to both hands of each patient in the experimental group for 5 minutes per hand, for 3 days. Post-test data collection was conducted three days after completion of the hand massage. RESULTS: The experimental group had significantly lower stress score (t=-2.648, p=.010, and anxiety scores (t=-4.166, p=.000), and higher sleep measurement scores (t=2.328, p=.023) than those in the control group. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that short-term application of aroma hand massage for hospitalized elderly patients has a positive effect on hospitalization stress, anxiety, and sleep. Therefore, aroma hand massage should be applied as a nursing intervention to reduce stress response and enhance sleep in elderly hospitalized patients.
Aged ; Anxiety ; Aromatherapy ; Chamaemelum ; Data Collection ; Hand ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Lavandula ; Massage

Historically, German chamomile (GC) oil has been used for treatment of skin disorders. BALB/c mice were sensitized twice a week with 100 microL of 1% 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and challenged twice the following week with 100 microliter of 0.2% DNCB for atopic dermatitis induction. Thereafter, 3% GC oil was applied daily (70 microliter, 6 times week) on the dorsal skin for 4 weeks. Saline or jojoba oil was used for the control mice. Blood was collected after second DNCB challenge, and at 2 and 4 weeks after initiating oil application. Serum IgE levels were significantly lowered in the GC oil application group at the end of the 4-week application period. The GC oil application for 4 weeks resulted in reduction in serum IgG1 level compared with that after 2-week application. The GC oil application group showed a significantly lower serum histamine level than the control group 2 weeks after oil application. Scratching frequency of the GC oil application group was significantly lower than either control groups. This study is to demonstrate GC oil's immunoregulatory potential for alleviating atopic dermatitis through influencing of Th2 cell activation.
Animals ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Chamomile/*immunology ; Dermatitis, Atopic/drug therapy/*immunology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Histamine/blood ; Immunoglobulin E/blood ; Immunoglobulin G/blood ; Interleukin-4/analysis ; Male ; Matricaria/*immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Phytotherapy/*methods ; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms ; Th2 Cells/*immunology

PURPOSE: This study was done to determine the effects of aromatherapy on anxiety and discomfort for patients who were having colonoscopy. METHODS: The study used a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design. The participants were 48 people who were undergoing colonoscopy in a university hospital. The experimental group inhaled a blend of essential oil with neroli, camomile, lavender and lemon through an aroma stone for 5minutes before the examination. Then the aroma stone was put on the side of the pillow to spread the aroma scent in the room. The experimental group could inhale the aroma scent as soon as they came into the room and during the examination process. The control group received only fundamental nursing care. RESULTS: Aromatherapy significantly decreased VAS anxiety. There were also significant differences in facial change and, tone change for objective discomfort. But there were no significant differences in subjective discomfort between the groups nor were there any significant differences in vital signs. CONCLUSION: Aromatherapy was perceived as an useful intervention to reduce anxiety and objective discomfort of patients receiving colonoscopy. The results of this study could be utilized as a clinical nursing intervention.
Anxiety ; Aromatherapy ; Chamomile ; Colonoscopy ; Humans ; Lavandula ; Nursing Care ; Porphyrins ; Vital Signs

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of aroma hand massage on Sleep, depression and quality of life in the institutionalized elderly women. METHODS: This study was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The data was collected from June 23 to August 10 of 2009. Fifty - Six elderly women were divided into two groups, 27 institutionalized elderly women for the experimental group and 29 institutionalized elderly women for the control group. As for experimental treatment, the experimental group went through aroma hand massage with blended oil-a mixture of Lavender, Bergamot, Chamomile Roman in the ratio of 1 : 1 : 1, which was diluted 2.0% with jojoba carrier oil 20 mL-on each hand for 5 minutes, three times a week during two weeks. Control group went non-treatment. RESULTS: The aroma hand massage experimental group showed more significant differences in the charge of sleep score (t=3.83, p=.00) and depression (t=-3.54, p=.00). CONCLUSION: Aroma hand massage had a positive effect on sleep and depression in Institutionalized elderly women.
Aged ; Chamomile ; Depression ; Fees and Charges ; Female ; Hand ; Humans ; Lavandula ; Massage ; Quality of Life