Purpose: High-cost novel therapies for multiple myeloma (MM) require evaluation of efficacy and cost-effectiveness. Materials and Methods: This study developed a methodology to assess cost-effectiveness using nationwide data from 11,450 newly diagnosed MM patients. A novel algorithm was applied to identify lines of therapy (LoT). Results: The number of newly diagnosed MM patients increased significantly, from 873 in 2010 to 1,464 in 2019 (p < 0.001). Advancing LoT was associated with shorter time to next treatment (TTNT) and overall survival (OS) (p < 0.001), while all-cause medical costs increased with each LoT (p < 0.001). Bortezomib-melphalan-prednisolone was the most common frontline regimen for transplant-ineligible patients (29.2%), while bortezomib-thalidomide-dexamethasone was most used for transplant-eligible patients (11.3%). Daratumumab monotherapy demonstrated superior second TTNT (7.8 vs. 5.2 months) and OS (8.5 vs. 5.3 months) compared to standard care in heavily treated MM patients, with statistical significance maintained after cost adjustment. For subsequent therapies following daratumumab, a methodology was developed to estimate required medical costs using the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER): Expected cost ($)=ICER×(Expected life expectancy–0.567)+35,601. Conclusion This study provides a novel cost-effectiveness framework linking treatment efficacy and real-world costs, supporting predictions of societal costs for future MM therapies.

Purpose: This study applied in-depth research methods on the level of securing mental health nurses in mental medical institutions targeting a group of experts in mental health nursing personnel, and sought paths toward revising enforcement regulations of the Mental Health Welfare Act in the future. Methods: Focus group interviews were conducted with experts experienced in conducting research on mental nursing staffing or policy development for nursing staffing. Results: Many experts in the field of psychiatric nursing must obtain additional accurate and valid support data to focus attention on the level of securing psychiatric nurses and discussing active efforts and short-and long-term strategies. Conclusion It is important to prepare evidence for the quality level of psychiatric nursing, as well as to secure adequate manpower for psychiatric nurses. In the future, it is necessary to actively use these data for policies and research relative to psychiatric nurse workforce planning.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the patient safety status and patient safety education contents and methods perceived by nurses working in psychiatric hospitals. Methods: Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire for psychiatric hospital nurses who had worked for more than one year. A total of 157 questionnaires were filled and were used for analysis using descriptive statistics. Open-ended questions about the contents and methods of patient safety education were classified by each researcher and a reclassification was conducted by consensus through discussions. Results: Overall, 142 nurses (90.4%) experienced patient safety accident during the previous 1 month. Among those who experienced a patient safety accident, profanity, violence, and aggression-related accident counted for the highest percentage (82.8%). The demand for education on workplace stress management and education on psychiatric medication were the highest. Required education methods included case-by-case education on patient safety accidents, regular and continuous education, and small-scale face-to-face education. Conclusion In the future, it is necessary to actively utilize the results of this study as basic data for in-depth research on the causes of patient safety accidents, accident prevention, and the workload of nursing personnel.