Background: This study aims to analyze the outcomes of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) using grafts with multiple hepatic arteries (HAs), compared to those with a single HA. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 1,059 LDLT patients from July 2005 to December 2022 at Severance Hospital, South Korea. Patients were categorized into multiple-HA and single-HA groups. Propensity score matching was employed to balance baseline characteristics, with primary outcomes being graft survival and secondary outcomes including HA, biliary, and total vascular complications. Results: The study included 27 patients in the multiple-HA group and 925 in the single-HA group before matching. After propensity score matching, no significant difference in 5-year graft survival rates was observed between the groups (60.4% for multiple-HA vs. 72.8% for single-HA, p=0.172). However, the multiple-HA group exhibited a higher incidence of bile duct complications (80.0% vs. 48.3%, p=0.038).Multivariable Cox regression analysis did not find multiple HAs to be a significant predictor of graft loss but confirmed their association with increased bile duct complications. Conclusion LDLT using grafts with multiple HAs does not adversely affect overall graft survival compared to single-HA grafts. Nevertheless, the increased risk of bile duct complications associated with multiple HAs necessitates careful surgical planning and postoperative management to mitigate this risk.

Background: The model for end-stage liver disease 3.0 (MELD3.0) is expected to address the flaws of the current allocation system for deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT). We aimed to validate MELD3.0 in the Korean population where living donor liver transplantation is predominant due to organ shortages. Methods: Korean large-volume single-centric waitlist data were merged with the Korean Network for Organ Sharing (KONOS) data. The 90-day mortality was compared between MELD and MELD3.0 using the C-index in 2,353 eligible patients registered for liver transplantation. Patient numbers and outcomes were compared based on changes in KONOS-MELD categorization using MELD3.0. Possible gains in MELD points and reduced waitlist mortality were analyzed. Results: MELD3.0 performed better than MELD (C-index 0.893 for MELD3.0 vs. 0.889 for MELD). When stratified according to the KONOS-MELD categories, 15.9% of the total patients and 35.2% of the deceased patients were up-categorized using MELD3.0 versus MELD categories. The mean gain of MELD points was higher in women (2.6 ± 2.1) than men (2.1 ± 1.9, P < 0.001), and higher in patients with severe ascites (3.3 ± 1.8) than in controls (1.9 ± 1.8, P< 0.001); however, this trend was not significant when the MELD score was higher than 30. When the possible increase in DDLT chance was calculated via up-categorizing using MELD3.0, reducible waitlist mortality was 2.7%. Conclusion MELD3.0 could predict better waitlist mortality than MELD; however, the merit for women and patients with severe ascites is uncertain, and reduced waitlist mortality from implementing MELD3.0 is limited in regions suffering from organ shortage, as in Korea.

Tinnitus is often difficult to treat because it is closely related to hearing loss, central nervous system disorders, and emotional problems. Although various drug treatments have been attempted for patients with tinnitus, there is no drug that has been clearly proven to be effective. On the other hand, there are some studies showing the effectiveness of various non-pharmacological treatments for tinnitus.Current Concepts: Tinnitus is classified into subjective and objective tinnitus. Representative non-pharmacological treatments for chronic subjective tinnitus include sound therapy, hearing aids or implantable hearing rehabilitation devices, tinnitus retraining therapy, neuropsychiatric therapy, and neuromodulatory treatment. When objective tinnitus does not improve with conservative treatment, surgical treatment can be selected depending on the cause. Acupuncture treatment for tinnitus is not recommended due to lack of evidence on its effectiveness and safety.Discussion and Conclusion: Despite many studies, the mechanisms of tinnitus remain unknown. Thus, it is difficult to cure the cause of tinnitus. Because subjective responses to tinnitus vary according to the patient’s psychological state, a variety of approaches would be needed for the treatment of tinnitus.

Dizziness is one of the most common symptoms in the elderly. Various vestibular disorders, such as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, vestibular neuritis, Meniere’s disease, vestibular migraine, can cause dizziness. The vestibular system consists of the peripheral vestibular organs in the inner ear and the extensive central nervous system from the cerebellum and brainstem to the thalamus to cortex. In particularly, vestibular sensory input plays a important role in spatial cognitive abilities such as spatial memory and spatial navigation. In the elderly, cognitive decline, such as mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease and other dementia, is a very frightening disease that worsens the quality of life. It is possible to evaluate vestibular dysfunction through vestibular function test, and there are various evaluation methods for cognitive function. The evidence has been gradually accumulating to suggest that the balance organs or ‘vestibular system,’ might also be important in the development of cognitive dysfunction and dementia. Animal studies, pathologic and imaging evidence, and behavioral assays on the relationship between various diseases related to dizziness and cognitive dysfunction are supporting that. Given that vestibular dysfunction can be treated through physical-therapy such as vestibular rehabilitation, identifying and treating dizziness in older adults with and without cognitive impairment may provide potential benefits in preventing, mitigating cognitive decline.

Background and Objectives: To describe and evaluate modified circumferential subannular tympanoplasty (MCST) via endoscopic approach, we compared the results of MCST to those of the underlay technique and the results of previous studies.Subjects and Method A retrospective comparative study was conducted of 31 patients who underwent endoscopic transcanal tympanoplasty. Patients were classified into the MCST group (n=11) and the underlay group (n=20) according to the graft technique. Demographic data, size and location of the perforation, pre- and postoperative hearing, operating time, complication rate, and graft success rate were analyzed in each group. Results: No significant differences between the two groups were observed in the demographic data or the locations of the perforations. The sizes of the perforations were 31.4±14.3% and 25.0±18.1%, respectively. The average operating times were 68.6±16.5 min and 64.9±9.3 min, respectively, and canaloplasty was not required in any patient. The postoperative hearing improvement and air-bone gap were not significantly different. No postoperative complications were observed in either group. Conclusion MCST is a feasible and effective technique for endoscopic transcanal tympanoplasty. The postoperative results and operating times of MCST were comparable to those of other graft techniques. MCST showed more stable results in anterior perforation than in underlay graft.

Bilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is rare and usually indicates a serious systemic pathology. We describe an unusual case of bilateral SSNHL caused by sepsis. A 28-year-old female complained of acute-onset bilateral hearing impairment; in addition to otological symptoms, she had a systemic condition that met the criteria for sepsis. We performed a physical examination and laboratory tests to diagnose sepsis. Pure tone audiogram and videonystagmography were performed to evaluate the otological symptoms. Intravenous antibiotics and high-dose methylprednisolone were prescribed for treatment, and audiogram was repeated during that period. The fever subsided and the vital signs were stabilized. The electrolyte imbalance and abnormal urine parameters became normal. Hearing gradually recovered to a normal level on day 7 of hospitalization. In conclusion, sepsis should be considered as a cause of SSNHL. When conducting a detailed examination of patients with bilateral SSNHL, the clinician should consider systemic disease.

Arnold-Chiari malformation type 1 is a congenital disease characterized by herniation of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum. Most common clinical symptom is pain, including occipital headache and neck pain, upper limb pain exacerbated by physical activity or valsalva maneuvers. Various otoneurological manifestations also occur in patients with the disease, which has usually associated with dizziness, vomiting, dysphagia, poor hand coordination, unsteady gait, numbness. Patients with Arnold-Chiari malformation may develop vertigo after spending some time with their head inclined on their trunk. Positional and down-beating nystagmus are common forms of nystagmus in them. We experienced a 12-year-old female who presented complaining of vertigo related to changes in head position which was initially misdiagnosed as a benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.
Arnold-Chiari Malformation ; Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo ; Child ; Deglutition Disorders ; Dizziness ; Female ; Foramen Magnum ; Gait Disorders, Neurologic ; Hand ; Head ; Headache ; Humans ; Hypesthesia ; Motor Activity ; Neck Pain ; Palatine Tonsil ; Upper Extremity ; Valsalva Maneuver ; Vertigo ; Vomiting

BACKGROUND: Gender and age are known factors that affect postoperative pain. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of gender and age on postoperative pain and analgesic consumptions after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: We studied 240 adult patients (120 female patients and 120 male patients) who underwent elective 3-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia. The numerical rating scale (NRS) scores were assessed before surgery, when the patient arrived in the recovery room, and at 8, 16, and 24 h after surgery. Analgesic consumptions in the recovery room and at 24 h postoperatively were evaluated. We compared the NRS scores and quantity of analgesics between the gender groups and the age groups (20–45, 46–64, and ≥ 65 years old). RESULTS: Compared to male patients, female patients had higher NRS scores (6 [5, 7] vs. 5 [4, 6]; P = 0.001) and required a higher dose of fentanyl (0.94 ± 0.47 µg/kg vs. 0.79 ± 0.41 µg/kg; P = 0.011) in the recovery room. The younger female patients (20–45 and 46–64 years old) required a higher dose of fentanyl than those older than 65 years of age in the recovery room. CONCLUSIONS: Female patients exhibit higher NRS scores and greater consumptions of analgesics than male patients immediately postoperatively. Younger female patients require more analgesics than elderly patients in the recovery room.
Adult ; Aged ; Analgesics ; Anesthesia, General ; Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic ; Female ; Fentanyl ; Humans ; Male ; Observational Study ; Pain, Postoperative ; Prospective Studies ; Recovery Room

OBJECTIVES: There is a great deal of interest in the possibility that environmental factors may influence the risk of developing allergic rhinitis (AR) in early life. We investigated the simultaneous effects of mode of delivery and duration of breastfeeding on the development of AR in children. METHODS: Data from 1,374 children participating in the Allergic Rhinitis Cohort Study for kids (ARCO-kids study) was analyzed. All subjects were divided into AR or non-allergic rhinitis (NAR) groups. Data on environmental factors, mode of delivery and duration of breastfeeding were collected using a questionnaire. RESULTS: Compared with short-term breastfeeding (<6 months), long-term breastfeeding (≥12 months) was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of AR (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.34 to 0.88). Children in the AR group also had a higher cesarean delivery rate than those in the NAR group (39.1% vs. 32.8%, P=0.05). Regarding the combined effects of mode of delivery and duration of breastfeeding, long-term breastfeeding with a vaginal delivery strongly suppressed the development of AR, compared to short-term breastfeeding with a cesarean delivery (aOR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.30 to 0.73). CONCLUSION: Long-term breastfeeding (≥12 months) and a vaginal delivery are associated with a lower risk of developing childhood AR.
Breast Feeding ; Cesarean Section ; Child ; Cohort Studies ; Delivery, Obstetric ; Female ; Humans ; Odds Ratio ; Pregnancy ; Prevalence ; Rhinitis ; Rhinitis, Allergic

Fibromatosis is generally a benign tumor that arises from the musculoaponeurotic tissues of the body, rarely occurring in the head and neck region. This can be treated with a good prognosis, but sometimes recurs as a local invasion. Preoperative core needle biopsy and MR images are necessary to diagnose preoperatively and outline the tumor extent. The mainstay of treatment is complete surgical excision. Nonetheless, an excision is often difficult because of the complex anatomy or proximity of the tumor to vital structures in the head and neck region. We report a rare case of desmoid-type fibromatosis that occurred in the neck, closely attached to the transverse process of the cervical vertebra. The present article covers an extensive analysis of the case with a review of the related literature.
Biopsy, Large-Core Needle ; Cervical Vertebrae ; Female ; Fibroma* ; Fibromatosis, Aggressive ; Head ; Neck ; Prognosis ; Spine*