In recognition of the morbidity and mortality associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (UNAIDS) aims to end the epidemic by setting and striving to achieve the ambitious 95-95-95 targets. However, Singapore is still not performing well in the first UNAIDS target. The National HIV Programme (NHIVP) developed this set of recommendations based on an adaptation of major international guidelines from the World Health Organization and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The goals of this recommendation are: (1) to increase the uptake of HIV testing; (2) to allow earlier detection and identification of individuals with unrecognised HIV infection; (3) to facilitate linkage to clinical services; and (4) reduce further transmission of HIV infection in Singapore.
Humans ; Singapore/epidemiology* ; HIV Infections/epidemiology* ; United States ; HIV Testing ; Mass Screening ; World Health Organization ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. ; National Health Programs

OBJECTIVE: This study explored the job choice preferences of Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC) workers to provide CDC management information and recommendations for optimizing employee retention and motivation policies. METHODS: A discrete choice experiment was conducted in nine provinces across China. Seven key attributes were identified to analyze the job preferences of CDC workers. Mixed logit models, latent class models, and policy simulation tools were used. RESULTS: A valid sample of 5,944 cases was included in the analysis. All seven attributes significantly influenced the job choices of CDC workers. Heterogeneity analyses identified two main groups based on different levels of preference for attribute utility. Income-prioritizers were concerned with income and opportunities for career development, whereas bianzhi-prioritizers were concerned with bianzhi and welfare benefits. The policy simulation analysis revealed that income-prioritizers had a relatively higher sensitivity to multiple job preference incentives. CONCLUSION Income and bianzhi were the two key attributes influencing the job choices and retention preferences of CDC workers. Heterogeneity in job preferences was also identified. Based on the preference characteristics of different subgroups, policy content should be skewed to differentiate the importance of incentives.
China ; Humans ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. ; Middle Aged ; Choice Behavior ; Career Choice ; Motivation

The Ministry of Education and other four departments jointly issued the Notice on the Construction of high-level schools of public Health, proposing that "it will take ten years to build a number of high-level schools of public health, and form a high-quality education development system to adapt to the construction of modern public health system". At present, the construction of high-level public health schools in various universities in China is in full swing. The high-level School of Public Health and the CDC have played an important role in constructing the national public health system and the human health community. The high-level public health schools are of strategic significance and important value to the development of the CDC. The review presents reflections and insights on the role of high-level public health schools in the development of the CDC and the challenges they might face.
Humans ; United States ; Schools, Public Health ; Schools ; Universities ; Public Health ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.

In order to cope with monkeypox in children and adolescents, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released "Clinical Considerations for Monkeypox in Children and Adolescents", which is specially written for pediatric health workers serving children and adolescents under the age of 18 years to standardize the clinical management of children and adolescents with exposure to monkeypox (human monkeypox or animal monkeypox) or with suspected or confirmed monkeypox. This document highlights the characteristics of children and adolescents and gives some valuable suggestions to the special issues in pediatric clinical practice, and it is worth studying by pediatric health workers who are preparing for a possible epidemic of monkeypox.
Animals ; United States ; Adolescent ; Child ; Humans ; Monkeypox/prevention & control* ; Epidemics ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. ; Health Personnel

Objective To assess the psychological status of staff at the centers for disease control and prevention(CDC) in Sichuan during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) and explore the influencing factors. Methods The staff at Sichuan provincial,municipal,and county(district)-level CDC were selected by convenience sampling.Their basic information,work status,training status,work difficulties,and support from the work group were collected from the self-filled questionnaires online.The Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale and the 9-question Patient Health Questionnaire were respectively employed to measure the anxiety and depression of the staff.The stepwise Logistic regression was carried out to analyze the influencing factors of anxiety and depression in CDC staff. Results Among the 653 staff,58.35% and 50.06% presented anxiety and depression,respectively.The regression results showed that age(OR=0.95,95%CI=0.92-0.97) and mental support from the work group(OR=0.61,95%CI=0.45-0.82) were the protective factors while physical fatigue(OR=1.82,95%CI=1.20-2.74),work pressure(OR=1.61,95%CI=1.21-2.12),and insufficient protective equipment(OR=1.92,95%CI=1.06-3.49) were the risk factors for depression of CDC staff.Age(OR=0.97,95%CI=0.94-0.99),length of sleep per day(OR=0.74,95%CI=0.56-0.96),and participation in technical training(OR=0.33,95%CI=0.12-0.95) were the protective factors while mental fatigue(OR=1.68,95%CI=1.18-2.41),work pressure(OR=2.94,95%CI=2.08-4.17),and unclear incentive system for overtime(OR=1.99,95%CI=1.23-3.23) were the risk factors for the anxiety of CDC staff. Conclusion The anxiety and depression status of CDC staff during the COVID-19 outbreak were worrying,which were mainly affected by age,sleep,supply of protective equipment,incentive system,fatigue,and work pressure.
Anxiety/epidemiology* ; COVID-19 ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. ; China/epidemiology* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; United States

In China, the incidence rate of Hepatitis A has decreased from 56/100 000 in 1991 to 1.05/100 000 in 2020. The number of Hepatitis A outbreaks in China has decreased significantly, however, it has also happened in the last 5 years, and the risk still remains. In order to strengthen the technical guidance for the investigation and control of Hepatitis A outbreak, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) organized experts in related fields to compile this guideline. The main contents included outbreak definition, outbreak detecting and reporting, outbreak investigation and response, making conclusion and communication. This guideline is intended for use by staff at public health administrative departments, medical and health institutions, centers for disease control and prevention, health supervision agencies at different levels, and other relevant institutions, units and individuals. China CDC will update this guideline periodically based on the progress in this field and feedbacks during the implementation of this guideline.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. ; China/epidemiology* ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control* ; Hepatitis A/epidemiology* ; Humans ; Public Health ; United States

PURPOSE: Several studies have reported an association between lead exposure and increased risk of allergic sensitization and asthma. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines, An elevated blood lead level (BLL) is defined as a BLL of ≥5 µg/dL. However, no safe BLL has been identified, and it is controversial whether a BLL of <5 µg/dL affects the risk of asthma. METHODS: We examined asthma prevalences and BLLs using data from the 2010–2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), which was a cross-sectional survey of 1,478 adolescence (aged 10–19 years) throughout the country. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) (with 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) for the prevalence of asthma in adolescence with elevated BLLs were calculated by complex samples multivariate logistic regression analysis. The presence of asthma was based on self-reported, physician-diagnosed asthma in the Health Interview Surveys. RESULTS: The mean of total BLLs was 1.33 µg/dL. Overall, 5.1% (n=71) of the subjects were physician diagnosed asthma. In the model controlling for population characteristics, the adjusted odds ratio for asthma per 1 µg/dL increase in blood lead was 1.94, 95% CI (1.06, 3.57), and stronger associations were observed among boys (adjusted OR, 2.31; 95% CI, [1.18, 4.51]). The group of BLL≥2 µg/dL was associated with an OR of 2.84 (95% CI, 1.06, 7.63) for asthma, after adjusting for potential confounding factors in boys. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest an association between total BLLs and asthma in Korean adolescent boys, although confirmation is warranted in further prospective studies.
Adolescent* ; Asthma* ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Nutrition Surveys ; Odds Ratio ; Population Characteristics ; Prevalence ; Prospective Studies

OBJECTIVES: In South Korea, there are two nationwide health surveys conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: the Korea Community Health Survey (KCHS) and Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The two surveys are directly comparable, as they have the same target population with some common items, and because both surveys are used in various analyses, identifying the similarities and disparities between the two surveys would promote their appropriate use. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the estimates of six variables in KCHS and eight variables in KNHANES over a six-year period and compare time series stability of region-specific and sex- and age-specific subgroup estimates.METHODS: Data from adults aged 19 years or older in the 2010-2015 KCHS and KNHANES were examined to analyze the differences of estimates and 95% confidence interval for self-rated health, current smoking rate, monthly drinking rate, hypertension diagnosis rate, diabetes diagnosis rate, obesity prevalence, hypertension prevalence, and diabetes prevalence. The variables were then clustered into subgroups by city as well as sex and age to assess the time series stability of the estimates based on mean square error.RESULTS: With the exception of self-rated health, the estimates taken based on questionnaires, namely current smoking rate, monthly drinking rate, hypertension diagnosis rate, and diabetes diagnosis rate, only differed by less than 1.0%p for both KCHS and KNHANES. However, for KNHANES, estimates taken from physical examination data, namely obesity prevalence, hypertension prevalence, and diabetes prevalence, differed by 1.9-8.4%p, which was greater than the gap in the estimates taken from questionnaires. KCHS had a greater time series stability for subgroup estimates than KNHANES.CONCLUSIONS: When using the data from KCHS and KNHANES, the data should be selected and used based on the purpose of analysis and policy and in consideration of the various differences between the two data.
Adult ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Diagnosis ; Drinking ; Health Services Needs and Demand ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Korea ; Nutrition Surveys ; Obesity ; Physical Examination ; Prevalence ; Smoke ; Smoking

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify the differences in blood pressure among adults in the community according to age and time of the blood pressure measurement.METHODS: This was a secondary analysis study, using data from a 2015 community health survey, conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The data of three-time-measured blood pressure were collected from 337 subjects, 25, 35, 45, 55, 65, 75 years old, which are median ages by each age group.RESULTS: The primary systolic pressure was significantly higher than the secondary systolic pressure (t=3.46, p=.001) and the tertiary systolic pressure (t=4.83, p=.001). The secondary systolic pressure was higher than the tertiary measurement (t=2.05, p=.041). There was no significant difference between the three-time-measured values for diastolic pressure. There was a significant interaction between measurement times and age in the systoic blood pressure readings (F=1.95, p=.036). However, there was no significant interaction between measurement times and age in the diastolic blood pressure readings (F=1.03, p=.418).CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that attention must be paid to the use of blood pressure values in studies or one-time-measured clinical blood pressure values. In particular, the differences in systolic pressure readings taken at different times in the older age groups were significant. Therefore, it is more important to carefully assess blood pressure in adults over the age of 45 compared to other age groups.
Adult ; Blood Pressure ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Korea ; Reading

BACKGROUND: Metalworking fluids (MWFs) are mixtures with inhalation exposures as mists, dusts, and vapors, and dermal exposure in the dispersed and bulk liquid phase. A quantitative risk assessment was performed for exposure to MWF and respiratory disease.METHODS: Risks associated with MWF were derived from published studies and NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluations, and lifetime risks were calculated. The outcomes analyzed included adult onset asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, pulmonary function impairment, and reported symptoms. Incidence rates were compiled or estimated, and annual proportional loss of respiratory capacity was derived from cross-sectional assessments.RESULTS: A strong healthy worker survivor effect was present. New-onset asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis, at 0.1 mg/m3 MWF under continuous outbreak conditions, had a lifetime risk of 45%; if the associated microbiological conditions occur with only 5% prevalence, then the lifetime risk would be about 3%. At 0.1 mg/m3, the estimate of excess lifetime risk of attributable pulmonary impairment was 0.25%, which may have been underestimated by a factor of 5 or more by a strong healthy worker survivor effect. The symptom prevalence associated with respiratory impairment at 0.1 mg/m3 MWF was estimated to be 5% (published studies) and 21% (Health Hazard Evaluations).CONCLUSION: Significant risks of impairment and chronic disease occurred at 0.1 mg/m3 for MWFs in use mostly before 2000. Evolving MWFs contain new ingredients with uncharacterized long-term hazards.
Adult ; Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic ; Asthma ; Asthma, Occupational ; Chronic Disease ; Dust ; Humans ; Incidence ; Inhalation Exposure ; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (U.S.) ; Prevalence ; Risk Assessment ; Survivors