Spinal cord injury (SCI) represents a complex pathophysiological process involving the interaction of multiple cell types. Conventional sequencing methods can only detect the average gene expression level of the damaged local cell populations, which is difficult to reflect its heterogeneity. Therefore, new technologies are needed to reveal the intercellular heterogeneity and the complex intercellular interactions of the damaged lesions. The single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technique facilitates high-resolution profiling of gene expression at the single-cell level, providing insights into cellular heterogeneity and function, potential molecular pathways, cell fate transitions, and the intercellular interactions pertinent to disease progression. This technology generates valuable gene expression data that support both basic and translational research efforts aiming at the identification of therapeutic targets for intervention. The scRNA-seq technique and its multifaceted application in the local immune microenvironment of injury after SCI were discussed, which will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiological processes in the immune microenvironment of SCI.
Spinal Cord Injuries/genetics* ; Humans ; Single-Cell Analysis/methods* ; Sequence Analysis, RNA/methods* ; Animals ; Gene Expression Profiling/methods* ; Cellular Microenvironment/genetics*

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant clonal disease, its treatment methods include chemotherapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy. Clinically, ALL patients need to get complete remission through chemotherapy, and then choose the other treatment according to the patient's condition. But the drug resistance has been a biggest obstacle in treatment of ALL. There are many research reports about drug-resistant of ALL at present. In this review, the classic drug resistance mechanisms, such as membrane transporter, gene modifications and some newly finding mechanisms including such as bone marrow microenvironment and Micro RNA and so on are summarized.
Bone Marrow ; physiology ; Cellular Microenvironment ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; Humans ; Membrane Transport Proteins ; physiology ; MicroRNAs ; genetics ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; drug therapy

To establish vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) as secretary biomarkers for cell growth on topographic substrates, we have evaluated the secretion and expression of these 2 factors by SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells on poly-L-lactide (PLLA) micropillar arrayed topographic substrates. We fabricated topographic substrates with UV lithography, silicon etching and polydimethylsiloxane-based replica molding, and interfaced SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells with both the topographic substrates and PLLA flat substrates. Cell morphology and spreading were examined with scanning electron microscopy. The secretion and mRNA expression of VEGF and IL-8 were evaluated with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real time qPCR, respectively, 24 hours after cell plating. We successfully achieved 4 topographic substrates with a nominal pillar diameter of 2 microm and 4 microm, and a nominal pillar spacing of 2 microm and 7 microm. We found that the secretion and mRNA expression of VEGF and/or IL-8 by SH-SY5Y cells on 2-2 microm (pillar diameter-spacing), 4-2 microm and 4-7 microm topographic substrates were upregulated in comparison to those by cells on PLLA flat substrate, 24 hours after cell plating. Furthermore, both cytokines were even more substantially upregulated on the 2-7 microm substrate than on the other 3 topographic substrates. Compared to those on PLLA flat substrate, cells on topographic substrates showed significant changes in morphology (spreading area, perimeter and roundness), and the increase in the secretion and mRNA expression of VEGF and IL-8 was accompanied with a decrease in cell spreading areas. These results provided evidence that pillar arrayed topography was an important microenvironmental factor in affecting VEGF and IL-8 expression or secretion, and VEGF and IL-8 might serve as important secretary biomarkers for growth on topographic substrates by SH-SY5Y cells.
Biomarkers ; Cell Line ; Cell Proliferation ; Cellular Microenvironment ; Humans ; Interleukin-8 ; genetics ; secretion ; Neuroblastoma ; secretion ; Polyesters ; chemistry ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; genetics ; secretion