The aim of this study is to investigate the inhibitory effects and mechanism of three or-ganic acids,including formic acid(FA),butyric acid(BA)and lactic acid(LA),on the pathogenic-ity of Salmonella enteritidis(SE),Escherichia coli(EC)and Staphylococcus aureus(SA).The growth of pathogens was detected by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration(MIC)and Oxford Cup antimicrobial zone assays.The motility of pathogens was detected by soft agar plate method,and the biofilm of pathogens was detected by crystal violet staining.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)was used to measure the expression levels of genes related to the patho-genicity of SE.The results showed that FA and BA significantly inhibited the growth of SE,EC and SA,and FA had a superior inhibitory effect on EC(MIC:0.25 g/L;inhibition zone:20.0 mm)and SA(MIC:0.5 g/L;inhibition zone:25.0 mm).In addition,the three organic acids significantly inhibited the motility of SE,EC and SA as accessed by swimming and swarming assays,and FA showed the best inhibition effect.Besides,the three organic acids,especially FA,markedly inhibited the biofilm formation of SE,EC and SA.Finally,our results showed that the three organic acids in-hibited the expression of the main virulence genes encoded by SPI-1(InvA,InvF,SopE,SopB,SipB,HilA and SipA),SPI-2(SopD2),pili-related genes(FliF,LpfA,SefA and FimF)and flagellum-related genes(FlhD,FliC and FliD)of SE.This study demonstrates that FA,BA,and LA significantly inhibited the growth and pathogenicity of the four pathogens,among which FA showed the most obvious effect on inhibiting the growth,motility,biofilm formation and virulence gene expression.Our study provided a theoretical basis for the application of organic acids in the field of animal husbandry.

To investigate the effects ofS-Adenosylmethionine(SAM)on liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride(CCl4)in mice,In this study,60 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into CON group,CCl4 group,low dose group(CCl4+SAM-L,50 mg/kg SAM),medium dose group(CCl4+SAM-M,100 mg/kg)and high dose group(CCl4+SAM-M,200 mg/kg).Except CON group,mice in other groups were intraperitoneally injected with CCl4(10 mL/kg,0.2％),and mice in CON group were injected with equal volume olive oil,3 times a week for 4 weeks,to establish mouse liver injury model.At the same time,mice in low,medium and high dose groups were given 100 μL SAM,CON group and CCl4 group were given equal volume PBS for 4 weeks.The results showed that CCl4 promoted liver fibrosis and increased serum ALT,AST and TBIL levels(P＜0.05).Different doses of SAM significantly alleviated liver fibrosis injury and decreased serum ALT,AST and TBIL levels(P＜0.05).Compared with CON group,CCl4 significantly decreased the liver T-AOC,SOD,CAT and GSH-Px levels(P＜0.05),and increased the liver MDA level(P＜0.05).Compared with CCl4 group,the levels of T-AOC,SOD,CAT and GSH-PX in liver of mice in CCl4+SAM group were significantly increased(P＜0.05),while the level of MDA was significantly decreased(P＜0.05).Compared with CON group,liver levels of IL-6,IL-1β and TNF-α in CCl4 group were significantly increased(P＜0.05).Compared with CCl4 group,different doses of SAM could significantly reduce the levels of IL-6,IL-1β and TNF-α in liver of mice(P＜0.05).Compared with CON group,the expressions of Nrf2,NQO-1 and HO-1 genes in liver of CCl4 group were decreased(P＞0.05),while the expression of Keap1 gene was significantly increased(P＞0.05).Compared with CCl4 group,medium and high doses of SAM significantly increased the expressions of Nrf2,NQO-1 and HO-1 genes in liver of mice(P＜0.05),and decreased the expres-sion of Keap1 gene(P＞0.05).Compared with CON group,the contents of acetic acid,propionic acid and butyric acid in cecum of CCl4 group were significantly decreased(P＜0.05).Compared with CCl4 group,the contents of propionic acid and butyric acid in high-dose SAM group were sig-nificantly increased(P＜0.05).Microbial analysis showed that CCl4 significantly decreased the rel-ative abundance of Akkermansia and Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group(P＜0.05),and changed the composition of intestinal microorganisms.These results indicate that SAM regulates the gene ex-pression of Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathway to a certain extent,increases intestinal SCFAs con-tent,regulates intestinal microbial structure,and thus alleviates liver injury,oxidative stress and inflammation caused by CCl4.This study provides reference and theoretical basis for SAM in the treatment and remission of drug-induced liver injury.

To investigate the effects ofS-Adenosylmethionine(SAM)on liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride(CCl4)in mice,In this study,60 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into CON group,CCl4 group,low dose group(CCl4+SAM-L,50 mg/kg SAM),medium dose group(CCl4+SAM-M,100 mg/kg)and high dose group(CCl4+SAM-M,200 mg/kg).Except CON group,mice in other groups were intraperitoneally injected with CCl4(10 mL/kg,0.2％),and mice in CON group were injected with equal volume olive oil,3 times a week for 4 weeks,to establish mouse liver injury model.At the same time,mice in low,medium and high dose groups were given 100 μL SAM,CON group and CCl4 group were given equal volume PBS for 4 weeks.The results showed that CCl4 promoted liver fibrosis and increased serum ALT,AST and TBIL levels(P＜0.05).Different doses of SAM significantly alleviated liver fibrosis injury and decreased serum ALT,AST and TBIL levels(P＜0.05).Compared with CON group,CCl4 significantly decreased the liver T-AOC,SOD,CAT and GSH-Px levels(P＜0.05),and increased the liver MDA level(P＜0.05).Compared with CCl4 group,the levels of T-AOC,SOD,CAT and GSH-PX in liver of mice in CCl4+SAM group were significantly increased(P＜0.05),while the level of MDA was significantly decreased(P＜0.05).Compared with CON group,liver levels of IL-6,IL-1β and TNF-α in CCl4 group were significantly increased(P＜0.05).Compared with CCl4 group,different doses of SAM could significantly reduce the levels of IL-6,IL-1β and TNF-α in liver of mice(P＜0.05).Compared with CON group,the expressions of Nrf2,NQO-1 and HO-1 genes in liver of CCl4 group were decreased(P＞0.05),while the expression of Keap1 gene was significantly increased(P＞0.05).Compared with CCl4 group,medium and high doses of SAM significantly increased the expressions of Nrf2,NQO-1 and HO-1 genes in liver of mice(P＜0.05),and decreased the expres-sion of Keap1 gene(P＞0.05).Compared with CON group,the contents of acetic acid,propionic acid and butyric acid in cecum of CCl4 group were significantly decreased(P＜0.05).Compared with CCl4 group,the contents of propionic acid and butyric acid in high-dose SAM group were sig-nificantly increased(P＜0.05).Microbial analysis showed that CCl4 significantly decreased the rel-ative abundance of Akkermansia and Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group(P＜0.05),and changed the composition of intestinal microorganisms.These results indicate that SAM regulates the gene ex-pression of Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathway to a certain extent,increases intestinal SCFAs con-tent,regulates intestinal microbial structure,and thus alleviates liver injury,oxidative stress and inflammation caused by CCl4.This study provides reference and theoretical basis for SAM in the treatment and remission of drug-induced liver injury.

Saponins associated with Panax notoginseng (P. notoginseng) demonstrate significant therapeutic efficacy across multiple diseases. However, certain high-yield saponins face limited clinical applications due to their reduced pharmacological efficacy. This study synthesized and evaluated 36 saponin-1,2,3-triazole derivatives of ginsenosides Rg1/Rb1 and notoginsenoside R1 for anti-adipogenesis activity in vitro. The research revealed that the ginsenosides Rg1-1,2,3-triazole derivative a17 demonstrates superior adipogenesis inhibitory effects. Structure-activity relationships (SARs) analysis indicates that incorporating an amidyl-substituted 1,2,3-triazole into the saponin side chain via Click reaction enhances anti-adipogenesis activity. Additionally, several other derivatives exhibit general adipogenesis inhibition. Compound a17 demonstrated enhanced potency compared to the parent ginsenoside Rg1. Mechanistic investigations revealed that a17 exhibits dose-dependent inhibition of adipogenesis in vitro, accompanied by decreased expression of preadipocytes. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) adipogenesis regulators. These findings establish the ginsenoside Rg1-1,2,3-triazole derivative a17 as a promising adipocyte differentiation inhibitor and potential therapeutic agent for obesity and associated metabolic disorders. This research provides a foundation for developing effective therapeutic approaches for various metabolic syndromes.
Adipogenesis/drug effects* ; Triazoles/chemical synthesis* ; Ginsenosides/chemical synthesis* ; Saponins/chemical synthesis* ; Animals ; Mice ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; PPAR gamma/genetics* ; 3T3-L1 Cells ; Adipocytes/metabolism* ; Panax notoginseng/chemistry* ; Drug Design ; Molecular Structure ; Humans ; Cell Differentiation/drug effects* ; Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins/genetics*

The aim of this study is to investigate the inhibitory effects and mechanism of three or-ganic acids,including formic acid(FA),butyric acid(BA)and lactic acid(LA),on the pathogenic-ity of Salmonella enteritidis(SE),Escherichia coli(EC)and Staphylococcus aureus(SA).The growth of pathogens was detected by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration(MIC)and Oxford Cup antimicrobial zone assays.The motility of pathogens was detected by soft agar plate method,and the biofilm of pathogens was detected by crystal violet staining.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)was used to measure the expression levels of genes related to the patho-genicity of SE.The results showed that FA and BA significantly inhibited the growth of SE,EC and SA,and FA had a superior inhibitory effect on EC(MIC:0.25 g/L;inhibition zone:20.0 mm)and SA(MIC:0.5 g/L;inhibition zone:25.0 mm).In addition,the three organic acids significantly inhibited the motility of SE,EC and SA as accessed by swimming and swarming assays,and FA showed the best inhibition effect.Besides,the three organic acids,especially FA,markedly inhibited the biofilm formation of SE,EC and SA.Finally,our results showed that the three organic acids in-hibited the expression of the main virulence genes encoded by SPI-1(InvA,InvF,SopE,SopB,SipB,HilA and SipA),SPI-2(SopD2),pili-related genes(FliF,LpfA,SefA and FimF)and flagellum-related genes(FlhD,FliC and FliD)of SE.This study demonstrates that FA,BA,and LA significantly inhibited the growth and pathogenicity of the four pathogens,among which FA showed the most obvious effect on inhibiting the growth,motility,biofilm formation and virulence gene expression.Our study provided a theoretical basis for the application of organic acids in the field of animal husbandry.

Bamboo leaf flavonoids(BLF)are compounds extracted from bamboo leaves,possessing properties including antioxidant,antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.This study aimed to investigate the effects of BLF on liver damage,antioxidant function,and related gene expression in rats induced by diquat(DQ).Thirty-two 5-week-old male Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into four experimental groups:the control group(Con),1 000 mg/kg BLF group(BLF),DQ stress group(DQ),and 1 000 mg/kg BLF+DQ stress group(BLF-DQ).The results showed that compared to the Con,the DQ group exhibited significantly decreased serum AST lev-els(P＜0.05),as well as decreased levels of T-AOC,GPX,SOD,and CAT in the liver(P＜0.05),and increased MDA levels in rats(P＜0.05).Additionally,the gene expression levels of HO-1,GPX,CAT,SOD1,and Nrf2 in the liver were significantly reduced(P＜0.05).In contrast,1 000 mg/kg BLF significantly decreased serum AST and ALT levels(P＜0.05),increased levels of T-AOC,GPX,CAT,and SOD in liver(P＜0.05),and significantly increased gene expression of HO-1,GPX,CAT,SOD1,Nrf2,and NQO1(P＜0.05).Compared to the DQ group,BLF-DQ significant-ly decreased liver index(P＜0.05),reduced serum AST and ALT levels(P＜0.05),increased lev-els of CAT,GPX,and T-AOC in liver(P＜0.05),decreased MDA levels(P＜0.05),and signifi-cantly upregulated gene expression levels of HO-1,GPX,CAT,SOD1,and Nrf2(P＜0.05).These findings indicated that BLF alleviate liver damage caused by DQ stress in rats,improve liver an-tioxidant function inhibition,activate the Nrf2 signaling pathway and PINK/Parkin mitophagy-re-lated gene expression.

Objective : To investigate the effect of Rotundic acid (RA) on proliferation，migration and invasion a- bility of human lung adenocarcinoma cells as well as its possible mechanisms． Methods : Human lung adenocarci- noma A549 and PC9 cells were divided into control group，blank control group，solvent group and 20，40，60，80 μmol / L RA groups．CCK-8 assay and scratch assay were used to detect the proliferation and horizontal migration of human lung adenocarcinoma cells．Transwell migration assay and Transwell invasion assay were used to detect the longitudinal migration and invasion ability of A549 and PC9 cells in each group．The protein expression levels of ja- nus kinase 2 (JAK2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 ( STAT3) in the supernatants of A549 and PC9 cells were detected by ELISA．The mRNA expression levels of JAK2 and STAT3 were detected by RT- PCR. Statistical analysis was made on the differences among groups in each index. Results : After RA treatment on human lung adenocarcinoma cells ，compared with the control group ，the proliferation activity of A549 and PC9 cells in the experimental groups decreased (P＜0. 05) ，the number of cells crossing polycarbonate membrane and matrix glue decreased (P＜0. 05) ，the expression of JAK2 and STAT3 proteins in cell supernatant decreased (P < 0. 05) ，and the mRNA expression of JAK2 and STAT3 decreased (P＜0. 05) ．The decrease of the above indices was concentration-dependent and had statistical significance (P＜0. 05) ．Compared with the control group，the pro- liferation activity of A549 and PC9 cells in the solvent group showed no significant difference． Conclusion RA may inhibit the proliferation，migration and invasion of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 and PC9 cells in vitro， possibly through the inhibition of JAK2 / STAT3 pathway.

Objective To discuss the correlation between MTHFR gene polymorphism and unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion.Methods A case control study was used in this study,140 patients with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion(UR-SA) (abortion group)and 143 cases of normal women(control group)were recruited.Genomic DNA was obtained and extracted from the oral mucosa cells.Fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to examine the MTHFR gene polymorphisms,and Taqman-MGB technology was conducted to analysis the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphism and disease.Results There was statistically significant difference in the frequencies of C677T genotype and alleles between the two groups(P＜0.05).However,no significant difference in the frequencies of A1298C genotype and alleles between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion MTHFR gene C677T polymorphism might be one of the genetic risk factors of URSA.

Poststroke depression (PSD) is the most common neurological and psychiatric complications after stroke.A large number of studies have showed that PSD is the result of a variety of mechanisms on the basis of stroke.This article reviews the pathophysiology mechanisms of PSD.

Objective To study the influence of the professional family intervention on cohesion and adaptability of breast cancer patients.Methods One hundred and twenty-eight breast cancer patients were randomly divided into control group and intervention group in equal number.The control group was given conventional nursing and the intervention group interventions including nursing instruction for their families and caregivers,mental instructions,and regular follow-ups in terms of life and rehabilitative instructions.A Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale(FACESII-CV)was used for assessment before and after intervention.Result After intervention,the score on cohesion and adaptability of the intervention group were significantly higher than those of the intervention group before intervention and the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion The professional family interventions can effectively improve the family cohesion and adaptability of breast cancer patients.