The differences in chemical quality characteristics between Xinjiang Rehmannia glutinosa and R. glutinosa were analyzed to provide a theoretical basis for the introduction and quality control of R. glutinosa. In this study, the high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) fingerprints of 6 batches of Xinjiang R. glutinosa and 10 batches of R. glutinosa samples were established. The content of iridoid glycosides, phenylethanoid glycosides, monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides in Xinjiang R. glutinosa and R. glutinosa was determined by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection(HPLC-DAD), high performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection(HPLC-ELSD), and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy(UV-Vis). The determination results were analyzed with by chemical pattern recognition and entropy weight TOPSIS method. The results showed that there were 19 common peaks in the HPLC fingerprints of the 16 batches of R. glutinosa, and catalpol, aucubin, rehmannioside D, rehmannioside A, hydroxytyrosol, leonuride, salidroside, cistanoside A, and verbascoside were identified. Hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA) and principal component analysis(PCA) showed that Qinyang R. glutinosa, Mengzhou R. glutinosa, and Xinjiang R. glutinosa were grouped into three different categories, and eight common components causing the chemical quality difference between Xinjiang R. glutinosa and R. glutinosa in Mengzhou and Qinyang of Henan province were screened out by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA). The results of content determination showed that there were glucose, sucrose, raffinose, stachyose, polysaccharides, and nine glycosides in Xinjiang R. glutinosa and R. glutinosa samples, and the content of catalpol, rehmannioside A, leonuride, cistanoside A, verbascoside, sucrose, and glucose was significantly different between Xinjiang R. glutinosa and R. glutinosa. The analysis with entropy weight TOPSIS method showed that the comprehensive quality of R. glutinosa in Mengzhou and Qinyang of Henan province was better than that of Xinjiang R. glutinosa. In conclusion, the types of main chemical components of R. glutinosa and Xinjiang R. glutinosa were the same, but their content was different. The chemical quality of R. glutinosa was better than Xinjiang R. glutinosa, and other components in R. glutinosa from two producing areas and their effects need further study.
Rehmannia/classification* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods* ; Quality Control

The incomplete degradation of tumour cells by macrophages (Mϕ) is a contributing factor to tumour progression and metastasis, and the degradation function of Mϕ is mediated through phagosomes and lysosomes. In our preliminary experiments, we found that overactivation of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) reduced the ability of Mϕ to degrade engulfed tumour cells. Above this, we screened out liquiritin from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, which can significantly inhibit NOX2 activity and inhibit tumours, to elucidate that suppressing NOX2 can enhance the ability of Mϕ to degrade tumour cells. We found that the tumour environment could activate the NOX2 activity in Mϕ phagosomes, causing Mϕ to produce excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus prohibiting the formation of phagolysosomes before degradation. Conversely, inhibiting NOX2 in Mϕ by liquiritin can reduce ROS and promote phagosome-lysosome fusion, therefore improving the enzymatic degradation of tumour cells after phagocytosis, and subsequently promote T cell activity by presenting antigens. We further confirmed that liquiritin down-regulated the expression of the NOX2 specific membrane component protein gp91 phox, blocking its binding to the NOX2 cytoplasmic component proteins p67 phox and p47 phox, thereby inhibiting the activity of NOX2. This study elucidates the specific mechanism by which Mϕ cannot degrade tumour cells after phagocytosis, and indicates that liquiritin can promote the ability of Mϕ to degrade tumour cells by suppressing NOX2.

The incomplete degradation of tumour cells by macrophages(Mφ)is a contributing factor to tumour progression and metastasis,and the degradation function of Mφ is mediated through phagosomes and lysosomes.In our preliminary experiments,we found that overactivation of NADPH oxidase 2(NOX2)reduced the ability of Mφ to degrade engulfed tumour cells.Above this,we screened out liquiritin from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch,which can significantly inhibit NOX2 activity and inhibit tumours,to elucidate that suppressing NOX2 can enhance the ability of Mφ to degrade tumour cells.We found that the tumour environment could activate the NOX2 activity in Mφ phagosomes,causing Mφ to produce excessive reactive oxygen species(ROS),thus prohibiting the formation of phagolysosomes before degradation.Conversely,inhibiting NOX2 in Mφ by liquiritin can reduce ROS and promote phagosome-lysosome fusion,therefore improving the enzymatic degradation of tumour cells after phagocytosis,and subse-quently promote T cell activity by presenting antigens.We further confirmed that liquiritin down-regulated the expression of the NOX2 specific membrane component protein gp91 phox,blocking its binding to the NOX2 cytoplasmic component proteins p67 phox and p47 phox,thereby inhibiting the activity of NOX2.This study elucidates the specific mechanism by which Mφ cannot degrade tumour cells after phagocytosis,and indicates that liquiritin can promote the ability of Mφ to degrade tumour cells by suppressing NOX2.

ObjectiveTo investigate the characteristics of mitochondrial translational initiation factor 2 （MTIF2） gene methylation and its association with the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）. MethodsMethSurv and EWAS Data Hub were used to perform the standardized analysis and the cluster analysis of MTIF2 methylation samples， including survival curve analysis， methylation signature analysis， the association of tumor signaling pathways， and a comparative analysis based on pan-cancer database. The independent-samples t test was used for comparison between two groups； a one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison between multiple groups， and the least significant difference t-test was used for further comparison between two groups. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to perform the univariate and multivariate survival analyses of methylation level at the CpG site. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to investigate the survival differences between the patients with low methylation level and those with high methylation level， and the Log-likelihood ratio method was used for survival difference analysis. ResultsGlobal clustering of MTIF2 methylation showed that there was no significant difference in MTIF2 gene methylation level between different races， ethnicities， BMI levels， and ages. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis showed that the patients with N-Shore hypermethylation of the MTIF2 gene had a significantly better prognosis than those with hypomethylation （hazard ratio ［HR］=0.492， P<0.001）， while there was no significant difference in survival rate between the patients with different CpG island and S-Shore methylation levels （P>0.05）. The methylation profile of the MTIF2 gene based on different ages， sexes， BMI levels， races， ethnicities， and clinical stages showed that the N-Shore and CpG island methylation levels of the MTIF2 gene decreased with the increase in age， and the Caucasian population had significantly lower N-Shore methylation levels of the MTIF2 gene than the Asian population （P<0.05）； the patients with clinical stage Ⅳ had significantly lower N-Shore and CpG island methylation levels of the MTIF2 gene than those with stage Ⅰ/Ⅱ （P<0.05）. Clinical validation showed that the patients with stage Ⅲ/Ⅳ HCC had a significantly lower methylation level of the MTIF2 gene than those with stage Ⅰ/Ⅱ HCC and the normal population （P<0.05）. ConclusionN-Shore hypomethylation of the MTIF2 gene is a risk factor for the development and progression of HCC.

Objective To detect diatoms in tissues and water samples from drowning cases by gene array,and explore the application value of DNA microarray.Methods Diatoms in the lung,liver,kidney samples,and on-site water samples from 19 drowned corpses that appeared in the rivers of Zhongshan City between July 2021 and April 2022,were detected by gene arrays.Moreover,diatom detection was also performed on 28 samples from 7 corpses by microscope.Then the testing results were compared and analyzed.Results For those 28 samples,diatom types in both tissue and water samples by gene detection were more than those detected by microscopy,the detection was statistically significant(P<0.05).However,there was no statistically significant difference(P>0.05)in the detection of diatom types between tissue samples and water samples both using gene arrays.In terms of tissue samples,diatoms were easier to be detected in lung than liver or kidney,and there were also more types of diatoms detected in lung.Diatom detection by gene arrays showed that the diatom types showed a decreasing trend as the tissue was further away from the entrance of body,and the difference of diatom types increased among tissues.Conclusion The gene array can effectively detect the diatom types and distribution characteristics in drowned corpses,and has great potential in the research of the traceability analysis of corpses found in water and the causes of death.

Objective:To explore whether LBP3 exerts anti-tumor effects by promoting production of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)by intestinal microbiota and regulating function of polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells(PMN-MDSC).Methods:A subcutaneous H22 liver cancer model was employed to assess anti-tumor activity of LBP3 and its regulatory effects on PMN-MDSC.Pseudo-sterile tumor-bearing mouse model was used to investigate role of intestinal microbiota in tumor suppression of LBP3.Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)was conducted to explore immune regulatory role of LBP3-modulated flora.Serum SCFAs levels in tumor-bearing mice were quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,and effect of SCFAs butyrate on arginase 1(Arg-1)expression was evaluated in vitro.Results:Both low-dose(125 mg/kg)and high-dose(250 mg/kg)LBP3 signifi-cantly inhibited tumor growth in H22 tumor-bearing mice,also led to a marked reduction in proportion of PMN-MDSC in both spleen and tumor,a reduced proportion of Treg in lymphoid tissues,a decrease in Arg-1 level within tumor,infiltration of CD8+T cells into tumor was significantly enhanced.However,these effects of LBP3 were did not observed in pseudo-sterile mice,while the above changes could be reproduced after fecal supernatant transplantation in high-dose LBP3 treatment group,suggesting a crucial role for gut microbiota.Furthermore,co-expression of Ly6G and SCFA receptor GPR43 in tumor was also observed.LBP3 treatment resulted in increased levels of SCFAs,particularly butyrate,in both blood and tumor tissues.In vitro,butyrate was shown to inhibit Arg-1 expression in MSC-2 cells,further supporting hypothesis that SCFAs mediate immune-modulatory effects of LBP3.Conclusion:LBP3 exerts its anti-tumor effects by promoting SCFA production,which subsequently inhibits function of PMN-MDSC.This highlights LBP3's potential as an immunomodulatory agent in cancer therapy.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC)accounts for over 90％of oral malignancies,with more than 370 000 new cases and approximately 188 000 deaths annually worldwide.In China,there are roughly 65 000 new cases and 35 000 deaths each year,showing a significant upward trend compared with 2015 statistics.Despite continuous advancements in treatment modalities,the 5-year survival rate remains stagnant at 50％-60％,where tumor heterogeneity and therapy resistance persist as fundamental barriers to precision oncology.To address these critical challenges,this study established a standardized bioban-king protocol for OSCC patient-derived organoids(PDOs)(Patent:Method for constructing an oral squa-mous cell carcinoma organoid bank,ZL202311378598.3).Through groundbreaking optimization of cul-ture media,enzymatic digestion kinetics,and stepwise cryopreservation,we achieved a biobanking suc-cess rate exceeding 95％and pioneered synchronous cultivation of matched primary tumors,lymph node metastases,and adjacent normal mucosa from individual patients,preserving spatial heterogeneity and stromal interactions.Leveraging this platform,we developed high-throughput drug screening:Quantified heterogeneity-driven differential chemoresponse using adenosine triphosphate(ATP)-based viability as-says;We discovered resistance mechanisms:Identified sialylated cancer IgG(SIA-cIgG)-mediated cis-platin resistance(primary/secondary)through PTPN13 suppression,with anti-SIA-cIgG combination therapy demonstrating synergistic efficacy.Besides,we elucidated metastatic drivers:CRISPR-Cas9-edited organoids revealed WDR54 promoted metastasis via H3K4me3/H4K16ac epigenetic reprogramming,activating epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity(EMP)and inducing partial epithelial-mesenchymal transi-tion(pEMT).This"holographic patient-mirroring"platform provided unprecedented resolution for OSCC precision therapy and had been formally incorporated into the Chinese Stomatological Association Techni-cal Guidelines(Technical guideline for establishing patient-derived oral squamous cell carcinoma or-ganoid banks,CHSA 2024-08).Future integration of immune-competent organoids,3D-bioprinted vas-culature,and multi-omics-AI systems will accelerate personalized oncology.These innovations will accelerate clinical translation of personalized therapeutic regimens,ultimately bridging the gap between bench research and bedside application.

Objective To detect diatoms in tissues and water samples from drowning cases by gene array,and explore the application value of DNA microarray.Methods Diatoms in the lung,liver,kidney samples,and on-site water samples from 19 drowned corpses that appeared in the rivers of Zhongshan City between July 2021 and April 2022,were detected by gene arrays.Moreover,diatom detection was also performed on 28 samples from 7 corpses by microscope.Then the testing results were compared and analyzed.Results For those 28 samples,diatom types in both tissue and water samples by gene detection were more than those detected by microscopy,the detection was statistically significant(P<0.05).However,there was no statistically significant difference(P>0.05)in the detection of diatom types between tissue samples and water samples both using gene arrays.In terms of tissue samples,diatoms were easier to be detected in lung than liver or kidney,and there were also more types of diatoms detected in lung.Diatom detection by gene arrays showed that the diatom types showed a decreasing trend as the tissue was further away from the entrance of body,and the difference of diatom types increased among tissues.Conclusion The gene array can effectively detect the diatom types and distribution characteristics in drowned corpses,and has great potential in the research of the traceability analysis of corpses found in water and the causes of death.

Objective:To explore whether LBP3 exerts anti-tumor effects by promoting production of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)by intestinal microbiota and regulating function of polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells(PMN-MDSC).Methods:A subcutaneous H22 liver cancer model was employed to assess anti-tumor activity of LBP3 and its regulatory effects on PMN-MDSC.Pseudo-sterile tumor-bearing mouse model was used to investigate role of intestinal microbiota in tumor suppression of LBP3.Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)was conducted to explore immune regulatory role of LBP3-modulated flora.Serum SCFAs levels in tumor-bearing mice were quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,and effect of SCFAs butyrate on arginase 1(Arg-1)expression was evaluated in vitro.Results:Both low-dose(125 mg/kg)and high-dose(250 mg/kg)LBP3 signifi-cantly inhibited tumor growth in H22 tumor-bearing mice,also led to a marked reduction in proportion of PMN-MDSC in both spleen and tumor,a reduced proportion of Treg in lymphoid tissues,a decrease in Arg-1 level within tumor,infiltration of CD8+T cells into tumor was significantly enhanced.However,these effects of LBP3 were did not observed in pseudo-sterile mice,while the above changes could be reproduced after fecal supernatant transplantation in high-dose LBP3 treatment group,suggesting a crucial role for gut microbiota.Furthermore,co-expression of Ly6G and SCFA receptor GPR43 in tumor was also observed.LBP3 treatment resulted in increased levels of SCFAs,particularly butyrate,in both blood and tumor tissues.In vitro,butyrate was shown to inhibit Arg-1 expression in MSC-2 cells,further supporting hypothesis that SCFAs mediate immune-modulatory effects of LBP3.Conclusion:LBP3 exerts its anti-tumor effects by promoting SCFA production,which subsequently inhibits function of PMN-MDSC.This highlights LBP3's potential as an immunomodulatory agent in cancer therapy.

Triclocarban (TCC) is a common antimicrobial agent that has been widely used in medical care. Given the close association between TCC treatment and metabolic disorders, we assessed whether long-term treatment to TCC at a human-relevant concentration could induce nephrotoxicity by disrupting the metabolic levels in a mouse model. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) was applied to investigate the alterations in the spatial distributions and abundances of TCC, endogenous and exogenous metabolites in the kidney after TCC treatment. The results showed that TCC treatment induced the changes in the organ weight, organ coefficient and histopathology of the mouse kidney. MSI data revealed that TCC accumulated in all regions of the kidney, while its five metabolites mainly distributed in the cortex regions. The abundances of 79 biomolecules associated with pathways of leukotriene E4 metabolism, biosynthesis and degradation of glycerophospholipids and glycerolipids, ceramide-to-sphingomyelin signaling were significantly altered in the kidney after TCC treatment. These biomolecules showed distinctive distributions in the kidney and displayed a favorable spatial correlation with the pathological damage. This work offers new insights into the related mechanisms of TCC-induced nephrotocicity and exhibits the potential of MALDI-MSI-based spatial metabolomics as a promising approach for the risk assessment of agents in medical care.