As a pivotal strategy to alleviate the shortage of organ donors, xenotransplantation has achieved remarkable advances in both pre-clinical and clinical studies in recent years, driven by continuous optimization of gene modification techniques and immunosuppressive regimens. Nevertheless, clinical translation still confronts formidable challenges, including rejection and heightened infection risks, which severely compromise long-term graft survival. Consequently, the role of immunosuppressive regimens in xenotransplantation has become increasingly prominent. This article summarizes the mechanisms underlying xenogeneic immune rejection, the latest developments in immunosuppressive regimens, cutting-edge strategies for inducing immune tolerance and the major hurdles facing clinical xenotransplantation. It delves into potential optimization strategies and directions for future clinical research, aiming to offer theoretical insights and practical guidance for the safe and effective application of clinical xenotransplantation.

Inherited thrombocytopenia is a group of heterogeneous inherited diseases mainly characterized by platelet count defects. It is a monogenic disease caused by mutations in various genes. Animal models are crucial for studying the pathogenesis and treatment strategies of inherited thrombocytopenia. Previous reviews on animal models of inherited thrombocytopenia have mostly focused on a single species, such as mice or zebrafish. This article systematically summarizes the construction, phenotypes, and characteristics of multiple animal models (mice, zebrafish, and primate animal) of inherited thrombocytopenia-causing genes, thereby providing a systematic reference for a comprehensive understanding of the research progress of its animal models.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect of 2-dodecyl-6-methoxy-2，5-diene-1，4-cyclohexanedione （DMDD）， an active component from Averrhoa carambola root， on myocardial injury in diabetic mice based on the nuclear receptor coactivator 4/ferritin heavy chain 1/autophagy-related protein 8 （NCOA4/FTH1/ATG8） axis. METHODS The successfully modeled diabetic mice were randomly divided into model group and DMDD low-， medium-， and high-dose （12.5， 25， 50 mg/kg） groups， while an additional non-modeled control group was established， with 6 mice in each group. Each group received the corresponding drug solution or an equal volume of normal saline intragastically once daily for 21 consecutive days. After the administration， the levels of fasting blood glucose （FBG）， serum lactate dehydrogenase （LDH）， and creatine kinase isoenzyme MB （CK-MB） were measured. Myocardial pathological changes， degree of fibrosis， and myocardial cell ultrastructure were observed. Myocardial cell death index and NCOA4 protein positive index were detected. The protein expression levels of NCOA4， FTH1， ATG8， solute carrier family 7 member 11 （SLC7A11）， and glutathione peroxidase 4 （GPX4） in cardiac tissue were measured. RESULTS Compared with model group， each DMDD group showed significant alleviation of cardiac pathological injury and varying degrees of improvement in the myocardial cell ultrastructure. The FBG and serum LDH and CK-MB levels， the myocardial cell death index and NCOA4 protein positive index，the protein expression levels of NCOA4， FTH1， and ATG8 in cardiac tissue were significantly decreased （ P ＜0.001）， while the protein expression levels of SLC7A11 and GPX4 were significantly increased （ P ＜0.001）. CONCLUSIONS DMDD can reduce blood glucose levels， alleviate myocardial histopathological injury， and inhibit cell death in diabetic mice. The mechanism is associated with inhibiting excessive activation of the NCOA4/FTH1/ATG8 axis and reducing ferritinophagy.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） is one of the most prevalent forms of liver diseases globally. Its progression can lead to cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease， and there is currently a lack of effective pharmacological treatments. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase （AMPK）， as a regulatory hub for maintaining cellular energy homeostasis， can coordinate key cellular processes such as adipogenesis， glucose metabolism， and mitochondrial functions. Its activation exerts metabolic regulatory effects through pathways including inhibiting lipogenesis， enhancing mitochondrial β-oxidation， regulating inflammation and oxidative stress， and promoting autophagy. Accordingly， AMPK emerges as a potential target for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD. Traditional Chinese Medicine （TCM）， with low toxicity， high accessibility， and multi-component， multi-target synergistic effects， has demonstrated unique value in NAFLD treatment， particularly showing notable advantages in regulating the AMPK signaling pathway. Sichuan is known as the treasure house of TCM， and the active components of its authentic medicinal materials such as Coptidis Rhizoma not only reflect regional characteristics in AMPK signaling regulation but also form a multi-level metabolic regulatory network through crosstalk with pathways such as sirtuin 1 （SIRT1） and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α （PPARα）. They can achieve specific regulation by directly activating AMPK and modulating upstream and downstream targets， exerting prominent effects in ameliorating hepatic steatosis and inflammation. This study systematically reviews the research findings on TCM for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD over the past five years， elaborating the mechanisms by which TCM treats NAFLD through regulating the AMPK signaling pathway. It aims to provide new perspectives and references for clinical diagnosis and treatment， basic research， and drug development.

Background: This study was performed to characterize the incidence, costs, and risk factors associated with renal and cardiovascular adverse outcomes following primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods: Patients with STEMI who underwent pPCI using iso-osmolar contrast were enrolled at 39 centers. The incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) and major adverse renal and cardiovascular events (MARCE) was analyzed, as well as inpatient costs. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors. Results: Among 2,293 patients, the incidence of AKI and MARCE within 72 hours post-pPCI was 4.14% (n = 95) and 4.40% (n = 101), respectively. AKI and/or MARCE were associated with systolic blood pressure (AKI: odds ratio [OR], 1.009; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.000–1.018), hypertension (AKI: OR, 1.815; 95% CI, 1.133–2.906; MARCE: OR, 1.760;95% CI, 1.118–2.769), anterior wall infarction (AKI: OR, 1.895; 95% CI, 1.196–3.004; MARCE:OR, 1.939; 95% CI, 1.240–3.032), Killip class (AKI: OR, 1.465; 95% CI, 1.117–1.922; MARCE:OR, 1.467; 95% CI, 1.131–1.903), and serum creatinine (SCr; MARCE: OR, 1.006; 95% CI, 1.000–1.012). Hospitalization costs for patients with STEMI who developed AKI or MARCE were significantly higher than for those without AKI (9,595 ± 5,795 vs. 8,279 ± 3,872 USD, P = 0.003) or without MARCE (9,890 ± 5,616 vs. 8,255 ± 3,859 USD, P < 0.001). Conclusions In patients with STEMI undergoing pPCI with iso-osmolar contrast, the incidence of AKI and MARCE was associated with higher hospitalization costs. Systolic blood pressure, hypertension, anterior wall infarction, Killip class, and SCr were identified as risk factors for these outcomes.

Laboratory animal practitioners refer to various personnel engaged in work related to laboratory animals or animal experiments. Their development not only affects the occupational health and safety of practitioners but also directly impacts the development level of laboratory animal science and the accuracy of animal experiment results. This article reviews the training requirements for laboratory animal practitioners stipulated by national standards, regulations, normative documents, and management policies in Sichuan Province. It analyzes the scale and training status of laboratory animal practitioners in Sichuan Province, compiles statistics on the changes in the scale of laboratory animal practitioners in Sichuan Province from 2015 to 2024, and examines the number of practitioners in four categories (scientific researchers, management personnel, animal keepers, and other personnel) and three different educational levels (postgraduate degree, bachelor's degree, and below bachelor's degree). It summarizes the possible reasons for the changes in personnel structure from 2015 to 2024, namely the continuous refinement of the division of labor in laboratory animal-related work and the continuous development of disciplines such as life sciences, medicine, and pharmacy. The article analyzes the current training status of laboratory animal practitioners in Sichuan Province from three aspects, including training organizations, the training system, and training methods for laboratory animal practitioners in Sichuan Province. It provides a detailed analysis of the series of training sessions on laboratory animal-related topics organized by the Office of the Laboratory Animal Management Committee of Sichuan Province and the Sichuan Laboratory Animal Society since 2019. It concludes that there are advantages such as an increasing proportion of highly educated personnel and a relatively well-established training system, and discusses issues such as inadequate top-level design and insufficient attention from some units. Finally, it proposes corresponding countermeasures and suggestions, including strengthening the assessment of practitioner training, formulating training plans for laboratory animal practitioners, and compiling specialized training materials. This article can provide a reference for the development and training of laboratory animal practitioners.

Talaromyces marneffei is a rare opportunistic pathogen.Talaromyces marneffei infection is characterized by insidious onset,atypical clinical manifestations,low early diagnosis rate,and high misdiagnosis and fatality,and has received widespread attention in recent years.Organ transplant recipients become a high-risk group for Talaromyces marneffei infection due to postoperative immunosuppressive therapy.Metagenomic next-generation sequencing,targeted antifungal therapy,and immunosuppression regimen adjustment are key to improving the prognosis of Talaromyces marneffei infection patients.This article reviews the epidemiology,pathogenesis,diagnosis and treatment of Talaromyces marneffei infection in organ transplant recipients,explores current challenges and future research directions,and aims to inform the diagnosis and treatment of Talaromyces marneffeiinfection.

Objective To explore the role of clinical pharmacists in pharmaceutical care of patients with severe infection receiving nutritional support therapy during continuous renal replacement therapy(CRRT),and to provide information for clinical rational use of drugs.Methods Clinical pharmacists participated in the treatment of a patient with severe postoperative septic shock and undertaking CRRT,we analyzed the pathophysiological characteristics of the patient at each stage,and cooperated with clinicians to formulate individualized nutritional support regimen.The patient was closely monitored during the whole treatment and the nutritional support prescription was adjusted accordingly.Results Clinical pharmacists participated in formulating,adjusting of the nutrition treatment regimen and monitoring of its implementation.The patients gradually recovered after comprehensive treatment and monitoring.Conclusion Clinical pharmacists can provide individualized nutritional support regimen and effective monitoring given patient's nutritional needs changes during the different disease stages,which guaranteed the rational medicines usage in clinical practice.

Objective To provide a reference for the clinical individualized medication of hypertension,the antihypertensive efficacy of Gouteng Xuanshen prescription in the treatment of hypertension was verified,and its improvement on the discomfort symptoms of patients was explored.Methods This study adopted a retrospective cohort study design.The data were derived from the electronic medical records of 6770 hypertensive patients in the Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from January 1,2013 to January 1,2023.The exposure factor was the treatment of Uncaria rhynchophylla,Scrophularia ningpoensis,and Radish Seed.After the propensity score was used to deal with the confounding factors,the changes in blood pressure of the patients after treatment were observed.At the same time,in order to analyze the improvement of patients'symptoms,the Apriori algorithm to mine the core symptoms of patients was explored,and the patient symptom network was constructed.The BGLL algorithm was used to divide the symptoms into communities to form a symptom map.Finally,survival analysis and Cox regression were used to find the sensitive symptom community of Gouteng Xuanshen prescription,and the related factors were analyzed.Results 468 people were included in the exposure group and the control group.After treatment,more patients in the exposure group reached the target blood pressure(P<0.01),and the effect was better in lowering systolic blood pressure(P<0.05),and no obvious abnormalities in safety indicators were found.In terms of symptom improvement,the 134 symptoms recorded in the medical records were divided into 6 groups.As the medication time increased,the patient's head discomfort was easier to relieve.The effect was best at 8 weeks of treatment,and it was more sensitive to patients with extremely high cardiovascular risk or grade 3 hypertension.Conclusion This study verified the clinical efficacy of the Gouteng Xuanshen prescription in the treatment of hypertension through electronic medical record data,which preliminarily revealed the potential role and law of the Gouteng Xuanshen prescription in the treatment of hypertension.

Objective:To analyze the distribution of causes of death among residents in Chuzhou City of Anhui Province from 2019 to 2022,in order to provide evidence for formulating disease prevention and control strategies.Methods:The death data of residents in Chuzhou City from 2019 to 2022 were obtained from the cause of death surveillance system of Chuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Anhui Province.The crude death rate,composition ratio of cause of death and the rank of cause of death were analyzed.The annual percent change(APC)of mortality was calculated by using the Joinpoint regression model to describe the average annual change of mortality.Results:From 2019 to 2022,the average annual crude mortality of permanent residents in Chuzhou City was 668.80/100 000,and the crude mortality rate(/100 000)was 640.58,652.10,659.32,and 723.46,respectively(APC=3.10%,P=0.356).The annual crude mortality of males(735.93/100 000)was higher than that of females(598.52/100 000)(χ2=1 148.724,P＜0.01).The top three causes of death were malignant tumor,cerebrovascular disease,and cardiovascular disease.The mortality of malignant tumors showed a decreasing trend(APC=-1.51%,P＜0.01),and the top three causes of death of malignant tumors were lung cancer,gastric cancer and liver cancer.Among the age groups,congenital malformations and deformations,chromosomal abnormalities,and certain conditions originating in the perinatal period were the leading causes of death among residents aged 0 to 4 years old.Accidental injuries were the first cause of death among residents aged 5 to 14 years old.The leading cause of death among residents in the 15-44 and 45-64 age groups was malignant tumor.Cerebrovascular disease was the leading cause of death in≥65 years old.The mortality of accidental injuries showed an increasing trend(APC=1.64%,P＜0.01),and the specific types of death causes of accidental injuries were different among different age groups.Conclusion:Chronic non-communicable diseases,especially cancer and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases,are the main health threats to the residents of Chuzhou City of Anhui Province,and feasible prevention and control measures should be formulated.