BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs) often present as multifocal tumors. Whether multifocal tumors are associated with increased risk of recurrence and mortality is still the subject of controversy. The aim of current study was to individualize factors associated with multifocality of papillary thyroid cancer and determine the clinical significance of multifocal thyroid cancer. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: We undertook a retrospective study of 403 patients treated between January, 2003 and June, 2007 for papillary thyroid carcinoma by total thyroidectomy and central compartment neck dissection (n=403) with or without comprehensive lateral neck dissection. There were 342 women and 61 men whose mean age was 47.3 years old. Following criteria were used to study the pattern of and factors related with multifocality : sex, age, extracapsular extension, central compartment lymph node metastasis, the involvement of lateral neck lymph node, AMES risk group, distant metastasis. RESULTS: Of those factors, sex (p=0.0481), central compartment lymph node metastasis (p=0.0007), the involvement of lateral neck lymph node (p=0.0001) were significantly related factors for multifocality of papillary thyroid cancer. Age, primary tumor size, AMES risk group were not significantly related with multifocality. Bilateral or contralateral central compartment lymph node metastasis occurred more frequently in multifocal PTCs (64.0%) than solitary PTCs (46.9)(p=0.012). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the multifocal tumors in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma are associated with increased risk of bilateral central compartment and lateral cervical lymph node metastasis. Therefore, total thyroidectomy and bilateral central compartment lymph node dissection should be recommended as a routine procedure in multifocal papillary carcinoma
Carcinoma ; Carcinoma, Papillary ; Factor IX ; Female ; Humans ; Lymph Node Excision ; Lymph Nodes ; Male ; Neck ; Neck Dissection ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Factors ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyroid Neoplasms ; Thyroidectomy

Rifampin is one of the first line drugs for treating tuberculosis, but it might be associated with serious adverse effects, including renal failure. We report here on a case of a 57-year-old patient who developed Henoch-Shonlein purpura during antituberculosis therapy that included rifampin. The patient converted to negative on the AFB smear for tuberculosis two weeks after the initial administration of antituberculosis medication. After treatment for 60 days, this patient was diagnosed with Henoch-Shonlein purpura by the purpura lesion on the lower legs, the leukocytoclastic vasculitis, the renal impairment and the pathological examination. After stopping rifampin, the skin lesions disappeared in about 10 days and his renal function gradually improved. This case study showed that Henoch-Schonlein purpura can be caused by rifampin during antituberculosis therapy and we recommend that the use of rifampin should be restrained when clinical symptoms of Henoch-Shonlein purpura are observed.
Acute Kidney Injury ; Humans ; Leg ; Middle Aged ; Purpura ; Purpura, Schoenlein-Henoch ; Renal Insufficiency ; Rifampin ; Skin ; Tuberculosis ; Vasculitis ; Vasculitis, Leukocytoclastic, Cutaneous

We investigated the antineoplastic potentials of recombinant adenovirus containing wild-type p53 cDNA (Ad5CMV-p53) for malignant gliomas. In four human glioma cell lines (U-251 and LG expressing endogenous mutant p53, and U-87 and EFC-2 expressing wild-type p53) and two rat glioma cell lines (9L and C6, each expressing mutant and wild-type p53), gene transfer efficiency determined by X-gal staining and Western blotting was varied (10-99% at 10-500 multiplicity of infection, MOI). Growth inhibitory effect was drastic (>90% at 100 MOI) in U-251 cells and only moderate or minimal in other cell lines harboring wild-type p53 or low gene transfer efficiency. Ex vivo transduction of U-251 cells with Ad5CMV-p53 suppressed the in vivo tumorigenicity of the cells. Histopathologic examination for Ad5CMV-p53 toxicity to rat brains showed inflammatory reactions in half of the tested brains at 10(8) MOI. U-251 cells were inoculated intracerebrally in nude mice and injected Ad5CMV-p53 into the tumor, in which neither the tumor suppression nor the survival benefit was observed. In conclusion, heterogeneity of the cellular subpopulations of malignant glioma in p53 status, variable and insufficient gene delivery to tumor, and adenoviral toxicity to brain at higher doses may be limiting factors to be solved in developing adenovirus-p53 gene therapy for malignant gliomas.
Adenoviruses, Human ; Animal ; Brain Neoplasms/therapy* ; Cell Division ; Gene Therapy* ; Genetic Vectors ; Glioma/therapy* ; Human ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Protein p53/physiology ; Protein p53/genetics* ; Rats ; Tumor Cells, Cultured

We investigated the antineoplastic potentials of recombinant adenovirus containing wild-type p53 cDNA (Ad5CMV-p53) for malignant gliomas. In four human glioma cell lines (U-251 and LG expressing endogenous mutant p53, and U-87 and EFC-2 expressing wild-type p53) and two rat glioma cell lines (9L and C6, each expressing mutant and wild-type p53), gene transfer efficiency determined by X-gal staining and Western blotting was varied (10-99% at 10-500 multiplicity of infection, MOI). Growth inhibitory effect was drastic (>90% at 100 MOI) in U-251 cells and only moderate or minimal in other cell lines harboring wild-type p53 or low gene transfer efficiency. Ex vivo transduction of U-251 cells with Ad5CMV-p53 suppressed the in vivo tumorigenicity of the cells. Histopathologic examination for Ad5CMV-p53 toxicity to rat brains showed inflammatory reactions in half of the tested brains at 10(8) MOI. U-251 cells were inoculated intracerebrally in nude mice and injected Ad5CMV-p53 into the tumor, in which neither the tumor suppression nor the survival benefit was observed. In conclusion, heterogeneity of the cellular subpopulations of malignant glioma in p53 status, variable and insufficient gene delivery to tumor, and adenoviral toxicity to brain at higher doses may be limiting factors to be solved in developing adenovirus-p53 gene therapy for malignant gliomas.
Adenoviruses, Human ; Animal ; Brain Neoplasms/therapy* ; Cell Division ; Gene Therapy* ; Genetic Vectors ; Glioma/therapy* ; Human ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Protein p53/physiology ; Protein p53/genetics* ; Rats ; Tumor Cells, Cultured

No abstract available.
Biopsy* ; Brain* ; Protons*

The application of stereotactic techniques and endoscopy dates back to the beginning of this century and is almost as old as neurosurgery itself. However, endoscopic techniques progressed slowly for several reasons. A reappraisal of endoscopic techniques become popular about 1985. The major indication of endoscope in neurosurgical field is intraventricular procedures. Recently it can be used selectively in the intraaxial mass lesion associated cavity. For example, cystic mass, with liquefied necrosis, blood clot can be approached with endoscope. Authors present its intraaxial application in basal ganglionic hematoma in three patients. Conventional stereotactic guidance of neuroendoscope was done and the hematoma was gently removed through continuous irrigation and suction under video-guidance. The clinical course was uneventful. Brief overview is given of this intraaxial neuroendoscopic procedure.
Endoscopes ; Endoscopy ; Ganglion Cysts* ; Hematoma* ; Humans ; Necrosis ; Neuroendoscopes ; Neurosurgery ; Stereotaxic Techniques ; Suction

OBJECTIVE: It is difficult to localize accurately the small mass lesions seen in CT, MRI images in the operating field, espacially in the subcortical location. To minimize possible neurologic deficit for intraprenchymal exploration, the stereotactic technique is essential. Authors evaluated the stereotactic craniotomy and transsulcal approach in localizing various small subcortical mass lesions. METHOD: For last 3 years, stereotactic craniotomy was done in 7 patients in our institute. They were 1 cysticercosis, 1 cavernous hemangioma, 1 inflammatory sclerosis, 3 tuberculous granulomas, 1 metastatic tumor. They were all subcortical location and associated with mass effect. According to locations, four of them were located in the somatosensory cortex, 1 in supplementary frontal cortex, 1 in temporal cortex, 1 in parietal cortex. After application of stereotactic frame, the patients were transferred to CT/MR unit for target localization. Multiple target points were obtained from images and the patient were taken to the operating room. Scalp incisions and bone flaps were designed with physical placement method with stereotactic probe. After dural opening, the subcortical mass was traced with stereotactic probe. Transgyral approaches were used in 4 patients and transculcal approach in 3 patients under the stereotactic guidance. RESULTS: Small craniotomy with accurate localization was possible without difficulty in all cases. Furthermore there was no need for intraparenchymal exploration to localize the subcortical mass. There was no operative mortality, 1 patient developed transient hemiparesis lasting 3 weeks. No other patient showed neurologic deficit. CONCLUSION: Stereotactic craniotomy and localization seems to be helpful for removal of small subcortical masses. small craniotomy with accurate localization was possible. In the eloquent areas, transsulcal approach seems to be particularly useful to prevent possible neurologic sequele.
Craniotomy* ; Cysticercosis ; Granuloma ; Hemangioma, Cavernous ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Mortality ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Operating Rooms ; Paresis ; Rabeprazole ; Scalp ; Sclerosis ; Somatosensory Cortex ; Stereotaxic Techniques

OBJECTIVE: In accordance with the increasing number of elderly people in our society, the incidence of pedicle screw fixation which is a technically demanding procedure and requires a lengthy operation time has increased in the patients with lumbars instability over 60 years old. To ascertain the outcome and efficacy of the pedicle screw fixation in patients over 60 years old, we analyzed the surgical results including complications. PATIENTS AND METHOD: From May, 1994 to September, 1997, we assessed 30 patients over 60 years of age and 159 patients under the age of 60 with lumbar spinal instability who underwent surgery of pedicle screw fixation and compared with the results of surgery between two groups. RESULTS: For the elderly, the average operation time was 244 minutes and the transfusion amount was 3.3 pints. For younger patient the average operation time was 246 minutes and the transfusion amount was 3.2 pints. Four surgical complications occurred; two patients with voiding difficulty, one patient with heart problem, and a patient with DIC(Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation). However, all complications were controlled without further problems. The success rate in the elderly was 60%, which was lower than the success rate of 76% among younger patients. CONCLUSION: Considering the condition of the diseases in the elderly and the fact that the operations were performed without any major problems, these results are acceptable. Based on our analysis, it is our view that advanced age per se should not be regarded as a contraindication for pedicle screw fixation.
Aged ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Heart ; Humans ; Incidence ; Middle Aged*

We present a case of ganglioneuroma arsing from the sympathetic ganglia in the pelvic cavity.
Ganglia, Sympathetic ; Ganglioneuroma*

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. METHOD: This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points: at baseline, and 1,2,4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. RESULTS: 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action: a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.
Dyskinesias ; Dystonia ; Electrocardiography ; Hospitalization ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Parkinsonian Disorders ; Risperidone* ; Schizophrenia* ; Vital Signs ; Weights and Measures