Subglottic stenosis (SGS) and tracheal stenosis (TS) are rare conditions that can cause significant breathing difficulties and, if not properly managed, may lead to life-threatening complications. Despite their clinical importance, debate continues regarding the optimal management of adult SGS and TS, and no comprehensive guidelines have been established to date. The Korean Bronchoesophagological Society appointed a task force to develop clinical practice guidelines with the goal of providing evidence-based recommendations for managing SGS and TS in adults. The task force conducted a systematic review of the relevant literature by searching PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library using predefined search terms aligned with key clinical questions. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach, which also informed the formulation and reporting of the recommendations. The strength of each recommendation reflects the guideline panel’s confidence that the benefits of an intervention outweigh its risks for eligible patients. After drafting the guidelines, feedback was obtained through Delphi questionnaires completed by members of the Korean Bronchoesophagological Society. Ultimately, the committee developed 17 evidence-based recommendations across four categories: initial evaluation, medical management, surgical treatment, and postoperative management and rehabilitation. These guidelines aim to support clinicians in delivering optimal care to adult patients with SGS and TS.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common and lethal type of primary liver cancer, frequently arising from chronic liver injury and inflammation. Despite treatment advancements, HCC prognosis remains poor, emphasizing the need for effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. This study investigates the hepatoprotective and anti-tumor effects of Hongjam, a steamed freeze-dried silkworm powder, in a diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and thioacetamide (TAA)-induced HCC mouse model. Mice were administered DEN intraperitoneally for 8 weeks, followed by TAA in drinking water for 9 weeks, with Hongjam supplementation (0.01, 0.1, and 1 g/kg) provided daily through food. Hongjam markedly reduced the tumor incidence, the size, and the histological lesions compared to the DEN/TAA group. Serum biochemical analysis revealed reduction in liver damage markers, including alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total bilirubin, with a notable decrease in total bilirubin surpassing. Immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses demonstrated that Hongjam downregulated expression of proliferation markers, including Ki67, phosphorylation of protein kinase B, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, while upregulating the pro-apoptotic protein Bcl-2-associated X protein, indicating its dual role in suppressing proliferation and promoting apoptosis. Furthermore, Hongjam inhibited angiogenesis by suppressing the expression of key markers, including interleukin 6, VEGF, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 subunit alpha, platelet-derived growth factor subunit beta, matrix metalloproteinase-2, and cluster of differentiation 31, thereby disrupting the tumor microenvironment. These findings suggest that Hongjam exerts multifaceted protective effects against HCC by targeting proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis pathways, while also mitigating liver damage. This study highlights the potential of Hongjam as a functional food or a complementary therapeutic agent for HCC prevention and management.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common and lethal type of primary liver cancer, frequently arising from chronic liver injury and inflammation. Despite treatment advancements, HCC prognosis remains poor, emphasizing the need for effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. This study investigates the hepatoprotective and anti-tumor effects of Hongjam, a steamed freeze-dried silkworm powder, in a diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and thioacetamide (TAA)-induced HCC mouse model. Mice were administered DEN intraperitoneally for 8 weeks, followed by TAA in drinking water for 9 weeks, with Hongjam supplementation (0.01, 0.1, and 1 g/kg) provided daily through food. Hongjam markedly reduced the tumor incidence, the size, and the histological lesions compared to the DEN/TAA group. Serum biochemical analysis revealed reduction in liver damage markers, including alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total bilirubin, with a notable decrease in total bilirubin surpassing. Immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses demonstrated that Hongjam downregulated expression of proliferation markers, including Ki67, phosphorylation of protein kinase B, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, while upregulating the pro-apoptotic protein Bcl-2-associated X protein, indicating its dual role in suppressing proliferation and promoting apoptosis. Furthermore, Hongjam inhibited angiogenesis by suppressing the expression of key markers, including interleukin 6, VEGF, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 subunit alpha, platelet-derived growth factor subunit beta, matrix metalloproteinase-2, and cluster of differentiation 31, thereby disrupting the tumor microenvironment. These findings suggest that Hongjam exerts multifaceted protective effects against HCC by targeting proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis pathways, while also mitigating liver damage. This study highlights the potential of Hongjam as a functional food or a complementary therapeutic agent for HCC prevention and management.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common and lethal type of primary liver cancer, frequently arising from chronic liver injury and inflammation. Despite treatment advancements, HCC prognosis remains poor, emphasizing the need for effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. This study investigates the hepatoprotective and anti-tumor effects of Hongjam, a steamed freeze-dried silkworm powder, in a diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and thioacetamide (TAA)-induced HCC mouse model. Mice were administered DEN intraperitoneally for 8 weeks, followed by TAA in drinking water for 9 weeks, with Hongjam supplementation (0.01, 0.1, and 1 g/kg) provided daily through food. Hongjam markedly reduced the tumor incidence, the size, and the histological lesions compared to the DEN/TAA group. Serum biochemical analysis revealed reduction in liver damage markers, including alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total bilirubin, with a notable decrease in total bilirubin surpassing. Immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses demonstrated that Hongjam downregulated expression of proliferation markers, including Ki67, phosphorylation of protein kinase B, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, while upregulating the pro-apoptotic protein Bcl-2-associated X protein, indicating its dual role in suppressing proliferation and promoting apoptosis. Furthermore, Hongjam inhibited angiogenesis by suppressing the expression of key markers, including interleukin 6, VEGF, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 subunit alpha, platelet-derived growth factor subunit beta, matrix metalloproteinase-2, and cluster of differentiation 31, thereby disrupting the tumor microenvironment. These findings suggest that Hongjam exerts multifaceted protective effects against HCC by targeting proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis pathways, while also mitigating liver damage. This study highlights the potential of Hongjam as a functional food or a complementary therapeutic agent for HCC prevention and management.

Intussusception is rare in adult and usually caused by organic lesions, although there is a singnificant numbeof so-called idiopathic cases. The diagnosis of intussusception have been made by pali abdomen, barium enema andsmall bowel series. But recently ultrasound and CT make a contribution to diagnose intussusception. CT is not theprimary means for evaluation a gastrointestinal tract abnormality but also provides yaluable informations inevaluating disorders affecting the hollow viscera of the alimentary tract. CT image of intussusception demonstratea whirl like pattern of bowel loops separated by fatty stripe correlating to the intestinal walls. Abdominal ultrasonogram was used as the initial diagnostic test in 2 cases out of total 4 cases, with abdominal mass ofunknown cause. It revealed a typical pattern, composed of a round or oval mass with central dense echoes andperipheral poor echoes. We report 4 all cases of intussusception in adult who were performed by CT and/orultrasound. All cases were correlated with barium enema examination and/or surgical reports.
Abdomen ; Adult ; Barium ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine ; Enema ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Humans ; Intussusception ; Ultrasonography ; Viscera