Background: To evaluate changes in liver function in patients with alcohol use disorder and propose preventive measures. Methods: In this study, 118 people were examined between January 2024 to December 2024. Results were analyzed SPSS. Result: The mean subject age was 48.6± 10.3 years, male: female ratio was 5:1. Mean arterial pressure was 104±12.8 mmHg, ALT 86.7 ± 93.8 (U/L), AST 89.3±82.8 (U/L), GGT 213.8±252.3 (U/L). A statistically significant correlation was found between AST and ALT levels (R² = 0.562). However, no significant correlation was observed between body mass index (BMI) and blood glucose levels (R² = 0.002). The AST/ALT ratio was also statistically significant (p = 0.0001). Conclusion Excessive alcohol consumption increases the levels of liver enzymes AST 89.3 ± 82.8 (U/L), ALT 86.7 ± 93.8 (U/L), and GGT 213.8 ± 252.3 (U/L), leading to increased liver cell damage. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce alcohol consumption and implement preventive measures.

Background: According to global estimates, one in seven adolescents aged 10–19 (14%) experiences mental health issues, most of which remain undiagnosed and untreated. Self-esteem is closely associated with adolescent mental health, affecting their academic performance, relationships, and emotional well-being. Objective: This study aimed to assess the self-esteem levels of middle school students using Rosenberg's Self-Esteem scale (RSES). Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 154 students from grades 6 to 9 in a general education school in Ulaanbaatar. The Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem scale which has a standard mean score of approximately 22, was used for assessment. Scores below ≤14 indicate low self-esteem, scores between 15–25 indicate average self-esteem, scores under ≥26 indicate high self-esteem. The Ethics committee of the University of Sociology and Psychology approved this study. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS-23, applying frequencies, descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, one-sample T-tests to compare the mean score with the standard value, one-way ANOVA to examine differences between groups, and correlation analysis. Statistical significance was considered at p≤0.05. Results: The students mean self-esteem score was 17.8 (SD±4.42), significantly lower than the standard score of 22 (p<0.001), supporting our hypothesis. Statistically significant differences in self-esteem were found between grades 6, 8, and 9 (p<0.05), while no significant differences were observed by gender or age (p>0.05). Among the participants, 24.7% (n=38) had low self-esteem (score ≤14), 72.1% (n=111) had average self-esteem (scores 15–25), and only 3.2% (n=5) demonstrated high self-esteem (score ≥26). Conclusion The self-esteem of middle school students was significantly lower than the standard average. Nearly one in four students demonstrated low self-esteem, suggesting the need for early interventions to support the mental well-being of adolescents.

Abstract Bloodletting is a medical tradition that probably began in prehistoric times. Its rationale was based on the belief that removing blood eliminated “impure blood”. From antiquity until the beginning of the 20th century, bloodletting was considered a panacea, and it was the most common and versatile form of medical treatment. Not only was it believed to cure the sick, but also to promote vigor in the healthy. Some of the antient books of traditional medicine noted that the bloodletting tools is very importance when opening a vessel in order to bleed. Traditional medical bloodletting tools are one of the oldest archeological findings, and researchers have found many types of bloodletting tools in our country dated back thousands of years. Therefore, research on bloodletting tools an important component of bloodletting therapy, is of theoretical and practical importance. The location, indications, and tools of bloodletting therapy and bloodletting vessels are described in detail in the “Subsequent Tantra” of “Four Medical Tantras”, and its commentaries: Dar mo sman rams pa blo bzang chos grags “Dka’ phreng mun sel sgron”, Sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho “Be edurya sngon po” and Luvsanchoinpil “Gces btus snying nor” so on. The first Mongolian surgical work is directly related to the historical tradition of bloodletting therapy. It is now known that the stone needles, which was discovered in the 3000th millennium BCE, may have originated from the Mongolia used to use in medicine as bloodletting tools. In the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, Mongolian medical bloodletting tools were passed down through India and Tibet medical books, and later the science of surgery and bloodletting therapy became more sophisticated and comprehensive knowledge. At the same time, it is clear that there is every reason to say that it has been enriched by the medical knowledge of the neighboring countries and improved by their own experience.