Introduction Betulin, a pentacyclic triterpenoid abundant in the outer bark of birch trees (Betula pendula Roth.), has gained significant attention in pharmaceutical research due to its potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and skin-regenerative properties. However, its therapeutic application is severely hindered by its extreme lipophilicity and poor aqueous solubility, leading to low bioavailability. Conventional topical formulations often fail to deliver betulin across the skin’s lipid barrier, retaining it primarily in the stratum corneum. Furthermore, while betulin exhibits efficacy against Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, B. subtilis), recent studies indicate a lack of inhibitory effect on Gram-negative strains (E. coli), presenting a challenge in the comprehensive management of infected burn wounds.
To address these limitations, this study proposes a "dual-action" hybrid delivery system by integrating betulin with metallic nanoparticles (AgNPs and ZnO NPs) using nanotechnology-based platforms. These nano-structured systems—such as liposomes and nano-emulsions are designed to enhance the solubility of betulin, facilitate deep dermal penetration, and reduce systemic side effects. Simultaneously, the inclusion of silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles expands the antimicrobial spectrum to include Gram-negative pathogens and provides antiseptic synergy.
This innovative approach provides a robust scientific and technological framework for developing next-generation dermatological products. By utilizing Mongolia's extensive birch forest resources, this research contributes to the production of high-value, export-oriented pharmaceutical innovations that serve as advanced alternatives to imported wound-care treatments.