Background: The global prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergy (FA) among children has increased significantly over the last few decades, in some cases leading to severe, life-threatening anaphylaxis. While international prevalence rates average 6-10%, contemporary data in Mongolia are limited. Identifying the characteristics of pediatric food allergy and its risk factors is essential for developing appropriate clinical management and preventive strategies. Aim: To identify the primary causative allergens and evaluate the factors influencing food allergy among Mongolian children. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted from June 2025 to December 2025. Data from children screened using a food allergy detection questionnaire were analyzed using Excel and R software. Results: Among 244 children aged 0–5 years, 18.8% were identified as having a potential food allergy. The most common specific allergens were egg (5.4%), cow’s milk (2.6%), peanut (2.3%), and wheat (0.8%). Additionally, 7.7% of participants reported allergies to less common triggers such as yellow fruits, peaches, tomatoes, and pumpkin. Multiple food allergies (to two or more foods) were observed in 1.57% of the cohort. Atopic dermatitis was the strongest independent risk factor for developing a food allergy (OR 15.3, 95% CI 3.73–107.0, p<0.001). A family history of allergy also significantly increased the risk (OR 3.66, p=0.042). Conversely, exclusive breastfeeding for more than 6 months demonstrated a protective effect against food allergy (p=0.041). No statistically significant associations were found regarding antibiotic use, mode of delivery, or maternal vitamin supplementation during pregnancy. Conclusions 1. Based on parent/caregiver-reported questionnaires, the prevalence of food allergy among children is 18.8%. 2. Pediatric skin allergies and genetics (family history) are powerful risk factors for food allergies. Breastfeeding for more than 6 months significantly reduces the risk of a child developing a food allergy.

Background: More than 60 zoonotic diseases can be transmitted from dogs (Canis lupus familiar’s) to humans, one of which is cystic echinococcosis (CE). Approximately 270 million people in Central Asia live in areas at risk for CE, and Mongolia is included in this region. The transmission of zoonotic infection is facilitated by the movement of humans, livestock, and dogs, as well as trade and cross-border interactions between countries. Aim: To determine the helminth fauna in the dog populations of selected soums of Bayan-Ulgii Province, identify zoonotic pathogens, and investigate Taeniidae infection. Materials and Methods: Seven soums of Bayan-Ulgii province bordering the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China were selected using a targeted sampling approach. Domestic dogs belonging to 300 individuals who underwent abdominal ultrasound screening for cystic echinococcosis were included after obtaining consent for deworming. Anthelmintic treatment (5 mg/kg) was administered, and fecal samples from 95 dogs were collected post-treatment. Helminth eggs were identified to determine the helminth fauna. DNA was extracted from samples positive for Taeniidae eggs using a DNA extraction kit (Qiagen, Stool DNA kit, Germany). The mitochondrial cox1 gene was amplified by PCR using F/COI and R/COI primers to determine infection status. Results: The helminth fauna of the dog population in Bayan-Ulgii province consisted of members of the Taeniidae family and the genus Ascaris, as well as Toxocara canis, Trichuris vulpis, Macracanthorhynchus catulinus, Oncicola canis, Strongyloides canis, and Alaria canis. Prevalence rates were as follows Taeniidae 10.5%, T. canis 4.2%, S. canis 3.2%, A. canis 2.1%, Ascaris 2.1%, T. vulpis 2.1%, O.canis 3.2%, M. catulinus 5.2%. Among these, T. canis, T. vulpis, A. canis, and members of the Taeniidae family are zoonotic parasites transmissible from dogs to humans. DNA was extracted from 10 samples positive for Taeniidae eggs. Amplification of the cox1 gene using COI primers revealed an 880 bp band in 9 samples (90%), confirming infection. Conclusions 1. The helminth fauna of dogs in selected soums of Bayan-Ulgii Province consisted of helminths belonging to 1 family, 1 genus, and 6 species. 2. Taeniidae infection was detected in 9.0% of dogs in the selected soums of Bayan-Ulgii Province.

Background: The family Taeniidae (Ludwig, 1886) belongs to the class Cestoda, phylum Platyhelminthes, and order Cyclophyllidea. Zoonotic parasites within this family, particularly Taenia and Echinococcus species, impose a significant socio-economic burden in developing countries. Aim: To determine the prevalence of Taeniidae infection in the domestic dog population of selected soums in Sukhbaatar Province and to identify associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: A total of 135 domestic dogs from seven soums bordering China in Sukhbaatar Province were dewormed, and post-treatment fecal samples were collected for the detection of Taeniidae eggs. DNA was extracted from egg-positive samples using the QIAamp Fast DNA Stool Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Germany). The cox1 gene was amplified using F/COI and R/COI primers through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm infection. Associations between Taeniidae infection and potential risk factors were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results: Taeniidae eggs were detected in 35 of 135 fecal samples (25.9%). The mean number of eggs per gram of feces varied among samples. PCR amplification confirmed Taeniidae infection in 30 of the 35 egg-positive samples (85.7%), producing an 880-base pair fragment. The analysis revealed that several owner-related and management-related factors were significantly associated with an increased risk of Taeniidae infection in domestic dogs, including type of residence (OR=12.18; 95% CI: 1.51-98.89; p<0.019), allowing dogs to roam freely (OR=8.08; 95% CI: 2.19–29.73; p<0.002), and feeding dogs raw livestock viscera (OR=265.12; 95% CI: 16.2-4561.7; p<0.0001). Conclusion A 22.2% prevalence of Taeniidae infection was identified among domestic dogs in selected soums of Sukhbaatar Province. Household living conditions, allowing dogs to roam freely without restraint, and feeding dogs raw livestock organs and offal were identified as significant risk factors associated with Taeniidae infection.

The prevalence and type of congenital cleft of the lip and palate in mongolia, affiliation of the patients Background: The prevalence of congenital cleft lip and palate is different internationally. There are some research papers which identifying the rate of this abnormality in Mongolia, the latest one shown the result that one cleft case for 1072 live births (Ayanga GN et all, 2012). Aim: to determine/update the prevalence and types of congenital cleft lip and palate in Mongolia Materials and methods: we include the data from all cleft patients who were born between 01 of January, 2011-31 of December, 2021 to this survey retrospectively. We used the e-history for cleft patients, which developed by the department of Maxillofacial surgery since 2011. Results: Totally 1308 cleft patients included to our survey. The prevalence is one cleft cases for 652 live births in Mongolia, and 34,1% is cleft of the lip, 41,4% is cleft of the lip and palate, and 24,5% is cleft palate only of all cases. Also the rate was differently among provinces, as one for 429 live births in Khuvsgul province, and one for 1223 live births in Uvs province. Conclusions: the prevalence of cleft lip and palate in Mongolia 1000:1.5 or one for 652 live births. The highest rate established in Khuvsgul province, and the lowest in Uvs province.

: BACKGROUND: The Mongolian National drug policy states, “The rational drug rehabilitation is one of the main goals of pharmaceutical care”. Recruitment and prescription medications are important issues for improving rational use of medicines. According to the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO), the status of rational use of medicines is assessed through the recipe by 10 criteria. The needs to study on rational drug use in hospitals of Ulaanbaatar and determining standard criteria for the proper use of drugs by recommendation of World Health Organization is the main justified issue of the study. METHODS: In order to study the rational use of medicines, a single moment /descriptive/ research type was used. Recipes for 50 and 50 people who received prescription from pharmacy within 12 hospitals TFCHM, TSCHM, TTCHM, NCCD, NTaORC, NCMH, HCSKhD, HCChD, HCSBD, HCKhUD, HCBZD, HCBGD June 2017 in Ulaanbaatar, it was based on the WHO recommended methodology, a total of 600 clients, 600 recipes and 1249 medicines were selected and submitted to the conclusions. RESULTS: The average number of medicines per minute was 2.08 ± 0.25, 45.2% in International Health Prescription were 42.6% antibiotics. According to a study on a contingency test, 85% did not have prescription signs, 38.8% without diagnostic prescription, 25% did not have physicians, and 48% did not have any medical information. The knowledge about the dose was 68.5% . CONCLUSION The results of the study were compared with the recommendations of the World Health Organization and the proportion of medicines included in the ICS list was lower than the recommendations of the World Health Organization list and the proportion of antibiotic drugs. The study found that 11 different incidents were encountered. Knowledge about medicines dose was 68.5%, compared to World Health Organization recommendations

ABSTRACT. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis, or RAS, is common oral disorder of uncertain etiopathogenesis for which only symptomatic therapy is available. This article reviews the current clinical features of RAS among study patients and the result of therapeutic effects of the herbal preparation Akhizunber. Over the past four years we have treated 61 RAS patients with different clinical forms by herbal preparation Akhizunber or Alumekatin. The distribution of clinical forms RAS RAS among study patients were minor aphthae -75.4%, major aphthae -16.4% and herpetiform ulcers -8.2% respectively. The healing time of treated Akhizunber was in minor aphthae -9.28±4.82 days, major aphthae -14 days and herpetiform ulcers -12 days. Of the total study participants, the patients treated by Akhizunber reported a rapid and complete recovery from RAS during treatment compared with treated patients by Alumekatin. Treatment with herbal preparation Akhizunber can be effective for patients suffering from RAS in any clinic form, regardless of their ulcer number and size.

BACKGROUND. Congenital Cleft Lip and/or Palate (CL/P) is a common craniofacial birth defect and occurs 1 per 500-700 live births in average. Children with CL/P at a higher risk for speech/language problems due to the anatomical and structural differences in the oral and nasal cavities, Velopharyngeal Insufficiency causing speech disorders with articulation, phonation, and resonance, respectively. It leads to long-lasting adverse outcomes, influencing quality of life and causes obstacles in child’s socialization. Speech in 2007 Therapy team of School of Dentistry ( G. Ariuntuul , B. Bulgan, U. Azzaya, B. Batsukh, M. Bat-Erdene), Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS) (former Health Sciences University of Mongolia) established and successfully conducted a first clinical speech therapy sessions for children with clefts in Mongolia based on the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (G. Ayanga et al.) of National Maternal and Children’s Health Center (NMCHC). Since 2012 the speech therapy team of School of Dentistry, officially transferred the equipped operating speech room to NMCHC and speech pathologist B. Bulgan, supervised and trained by Ariuntuul G. recruited by NMCHC for a full time position and working as a member of multidisciplinary team till present. OBJECTIVES. To assess and analyze registry data of children with clefts, visited speech therapy sessions of speech pathology team of School of Dentistry, MNUMS during 2007 through 2012. MATERIAL AND METHODS. Registry based retrospective study was conducted to obtain demographic and speech disorder related data of children with clefts, visited speech therapy sessions between 2012-2017 at the NMCHC. RESULTS. In total 203 participants are attended the speech therapy sessions: 103 male (51%), 100 female (49%). Out of total 203 children 144 (71%) had Cleft Lip and Palate (CLP), 44 had cleft palate only (22%), 15 had cleft lip (7%), respectively. Average age for primary cleft surgery was 1y13m, where as for secondary was 4y22m. CONCLUSION. For speech therapy session for children with clefts boys were dominant compared to girls (1:1.03). By the types of clefts children diagnosed with Cleft Lip and Palate was prevalent to attend treatment classes. There is a need in early CL/P diagnosis, using birth screening and furthermore, traning of speech therapists/pathologists are important for development of multidisciplinary team, surgery outcome and improvement of quality of life of children with clefts.

Background: Poor laboratory quality can lead to misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment of patients. To demonstrate the quality and reliability of their services, medical laboratories seek accreditation to ISO 15189. We have initiated a project to assist laboratories in their efforts to obtain the accreditation. Goal: Conduct a gap analysis of the status of preparedness of medical laboratories for accreditation. Materials and Methods: Six laboratories are selected for participation in the project. In the first phase of the project, a gap analysis of the participant laboratories is conducted using an Excel program based on ISO 15189 requirements. Results: The findings reveal that the participant laboratories are the strongest in Organization and management of laboratory, Quality of examination results, Personnel and facility management and in Laboratory information management. The majority of the laboratories are hospital based, and their organization and management are well established and functional mostly due to centralized administrative guidance. The concept of quality control is effectively adapted in medical laboratories, therefore ensuring the quality of examinations and the data management are usually in line with the requirements. Weaker areas include Evaluation and audits, and Document control. Even though the laboratories do conduct evaluations and control, they do not do it regularly and, most importantly, do not keep records routinely, which cause the higher gap rate. Conclusion Policies to meet ISO 15189 requirements are in place in the participant laboratories, but their documentation and records keeping are insufficient.

Introduction: In gallstone diseases, common bile duct stones and thickened bile could cause hepatitis or other difficulties. Therefore intraoperative cholangiography is helpful in many operations besides detecting and diagnosing the gallstones in common bile duct. Materials and Methods: Out of 266 patients who had undergone Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy surgery in GrandMed Hospital, 14 patients were found to have jaundice and cholestasis after undergoing laboratory and radiology tests. Results: These 14 patients have all undergone IOC. 7 out of 14 patients were found to have positive cholangiogram and the other 7 - negative. Biliary tract tumor and anatomic anomalies were not identified among these patients. Conclusion: Making analysis using only laboratory data is not adequate for directly detecting choledocholithiasis. IOC not only shows bile tract obstruction and determines cholestasis causes, but it also identifies the anatomy biliary tract, which is a procedure that facilitates dissection. Therefore IOCcan prevent the most serious complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy - common bile duct injury. The sensitivity of IOC ensures the gathering of important information on time, so suggest to use it for every suspicious case.

Introduction: In 1814 Irish surgeon Abraham Coll first introduced distal radial bone fracture in clinical practice as a colles fracture. It is one of the most common fractures account for 10-20% of the total respectively fracture. Case of Colles fracture has being increased in the developed country year by year besides the increasing number of elderly patients. Depending on severity displaced of the fracture, management includes closed reduction or surgical procedure. The aim of study was to study result of risk factors that influence the closed reduction management of the Colles fracture. Materials and Methods: From hospital based population 80 patients aged between 5-76 years (mean age 47.31 years, male 61.25%, female 38.7%) were recruited by cross sectional and randomized method. Participants were divided into displaced and non-displaced groups which confirmed by refractive index difference on X-ray. Results: The risk factors that influence the colles fracture closed reduction management was osteoporosis (p=0.38), menopause (r=0.18, p=0.27), calcium supplement intake (r=0.21, p=0.05), received hospital care in 24 hour (p=0.39), apply plaster (p=0.64), hand sling immobilizer brace (p=0.5) and physical therapy (p=0.5). Conclusion: Osteoporosis and menopause were the risk factors that influenced the closed reduction management of Colles fracture. The patient cases that not receiving emergency medical care in first 24 hours, not applying plaster, not using the hand sling immobilizer brace and not receiving physical therapy was risk factors for extending the closed reduction management of the Colles fracture.