The renoprotective effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in both diabetic and nondiabetic nephropathy are widely recognized due to results from randomized controlled trials notably the DAPA-CKD and EMPA-KIDNEY trials. Research exploring the mechanisms of renoprotection indicates that SGLT2 inhibitors exert protective effects on podocytes by enhancing autophagy and stabilizing the structure of podocytes and basement membranes. Furthermore, reductions in lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation have been confirmed with SGLT2 inhibitor treatment. Recent clinical studies have also begun to explore the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on nondiabetic podocytopathies, such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. In this review, we summarize clinical and laboratory studies that focus on the podocyte-protective effects of SGLT2 inhibitors, exploring the potential for broader applications of this novel therapeutic agent in kidney disease.

Purulent pericarditis is still a life-threatening disease for children.Utilizing antibiotics and performing completely drainage of pus are the major treatment options.Constrictive pericarditis is an important complication of purulent pericarditis.Intrapericardial fibrinolysis can effectively reduce fibrin deposition in pericardium, prevent pericardium adhesion and fibrosis, therefore it will prevent constrictive pericarditis.However, it is seldom used in the treatment of children with purulent pericarditis.This article reviews the domestic and international reports on intrapericardial fibrinolysis in children with purulent pericarditis, introduces the indications, mechanisms, treatment protocols, effectiveness studies and complications of intrapericardial fibrinolysis, thus providing a reference for the treatment protocol of children with purulent pericarditis.