Parkinson disease(PD)is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders,typically affecting the elderly.The pathogenesis of PD is intricate and involves multiple factors,with mitochondrial dysfunction recognized as a significant mechanism contributing to its development.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)play a crucial role in the onset and pro-gression of PD.This review focuses on recent research concerning miRNAs associated with PD,particularly their impact on mitochondrial dysfunction.The insights gathered here aim to support the early diagnosis and targeted treatment of PD.

Parkinson disease(PD)is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders,typically affecting the elderly.The pathogenesis of PD is intricate and involves multiple factors,with mitochondrial dysfunction recognized as a significant mechanism contributing to its development.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)play a crucial role in the onset and pro-gression of PD.This review focuses on recent research concerning miRNAs associated with PD,particularly their impact on mitochondrial dysfunction.The insights gathered here aim to support the early diagnosis and targeted treatment of PD.

Objective:To investigate the expression and clinical significance of Beclin-1 and cytochromes C (CytC) in patients with hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD).Methods:Sixty children with HFMD were classified into two groups of severe group and common group with 30 cases in each group. Another thirty children who underwent circumcision and had no underlying disease were selected as control group. Serum Beclin-1, CytC and S100B levels were detected before and after treatment. The levels of Beclin-1 and CytC in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of children with severe HFMD were detected before and after treatment. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the prediction efficiency of Beclin-1 and CytC for the severity of HFMD.Results:Serum Beclin-1 and CytC levels in the severe group were higher than those in the other two groups ( P<0.01), and the common group showed significantly increased serum Beclin-1 and CytC levels as compared with the control group ( P<0.01). After treatment, the serum Beclin-1 and CytC levels decreased in both severe and common groups ( P<0.05). Compared with the common group, the severe group had remarkable increases in the levels of Beclin-1 and CytC in CSF ( P<0.01), which decreased significantly after treatment ( P<0.01). Serum Beclin-1 and CytC levels were positively correlated with the level of S100B protein. In the prediction of severe HFMD, serum CytC had the highest Youden value of 0.533 at the cut-off value of 38.785 ng/ml with a sensitivity of 56.67% and a specificity of 96.67%; serum Beclin-1 had the highest Youden value of 0.467 at the cut-off value of 6.560 ng/ml with a sensitivity of 46.67% and a specificity of 100.00%. Combined measurements of these two parameters had the highest predictive value for severe HFMD with a sensitivity of 76.67% and a specificity of 96.67%. Conclusions:Serum Beclin-1 and CytC levels were conducive to predict the severity and treatment outcomes of HFMD. Combined measurements of these two parameters had a higher predictive value for severe HFMD.

Magnetic anchoring and traction technique is one of the core technologies of magnetic surgery. With the "non-contact" traction force of the outer magnet on the inner magnet, we can drive the inner magnet and the gripper to multiple directions, and pull tissue or organ to required position in operations, so as to get a clearer surgical field of view. On the basis of the previous animal experiments, we applied magnetic anchoring and traction device in 3 human (males aged 63-71 years) thoracoscopic esophagectomies. Using the magnetic anchoring device, we could pull the esophagus dorsally or ventrally to assist in exposing the anatomical plane without special equipment or pleural puncture for retraction of the esophagus. The interference between operating instruments reduced. The mean blood loss in operation was 83 mL, the mean total operation time was 253 min and the mean length of hospital stay was 10 d. Postoperative follow-up showed that all 3 patients had good short-term prognosis. There was no swellling or pain in magnetic anchoring zone of chest wall.

In recent years, the International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) competition has experienced rapid global development. In 2017 alone, the number of iGEM teams registered around the globe reached an unprecedented 313, with 98 iGEM teams from China having enrolled in the competition and obtained outstanding results. In contrast to the many college students' innovation projects and scientific research training programs in China, iGEM's organization mode is focused on student-centered research learning. Moreover, it achieved a rich educational effect, embodying a new educational idea, which gives it great significance for the extracurricular scientific research training of undergraduates in Chinese universities. In this article, we took Peking University's participation in the iGEM competition as a starting point. The first part introduces the background and general situation of the iGEM competition. The second part reproduces the general procedure of one iGEM season and organization of Peking University's team. The third part compares iGEM's organization mode with those of other undergraduate research training courses and discusses them in detail. The fourth part sums up the experience with iGEM activities as well as explains its effect on developing the research capacity of undergraduate students as well as inspiring them to organize an undergraduate scientific research competition. This article aims to provide a reference for the organization of iGEM activities in domestic universities and for the reform of undergraduate education.
China ; Genetic Engineering ; Students ; Synthetic Biology

Objective: To investigate the safety and effectiveness of the Celect inferior vena cava filter (IVCF) in the treatment of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Methods: CT follow-up examinations were performed in 72 patients who underwent Celect inferior vena cava filter placement between August 2015 and September 2017. Forty-five patients (62.5%) presented with DVT alone, 27(37.5%) with DVT and pulmonary embolism (PE). With filters in place, each patient was followed up with CT at least once, to visualize new pulmonary embolism, inferior vena cava occlusion, filter tilting, fracture of struts, migration and penetration of struts through the inferior vena cava. Caval penetration was graded on a five-point scale. Results: All Celect filters were successfully deployed. The interval between the filter placement and the CT was 5.0 to 695.0 days, mean (42.4±84.6)days. No new pulmonary embolism, cava occlusion, filter fracture and migration were found. Forty-two (58.3%) filters tilted, including tilt>15 degrees in 8 (11.1%) and tilt ≤15 degrees in 34 (47.2%). Caval penetration with 0 grade was observed in 47 (65.3%) and beyond grade 1 was observed in 25 (34.7%), including grade Ⅰ in 12 (16.7%), grade Ⅱ in eight (11.1%), grade Ⅲ in four (5.6%) and grade Ⅳ in one (1.4%). No patient presented with symptoms associated with caval penetration. Filter retrieval was attempted in 54(75.0%) patients,the indwell time was 5.0 to 111.0 days, mean(32.0±23.9) days. There were 52 (96.3%) filters successfully removed, including four filters tilted lead retrieval hook embedded the caval wall, which used the adjunctive retrieval techniques. Filter retrieval failure in two (3.7%) cases, including one case retrieval hook embedded the caval wall and the other with retrieval hook penetration. Conclusions Celect inferior vena cava filter can effectively prevent PE, but had a tendency to tilt and to penetrate caval wall, which affected the filter retrieval, and had the potential risk of serious complications such as abdominal aortic pseudoaneurysm. The filter should be removed as soon as the risk of PE is manageable. We advocate CT follow-up for patients with long-term inferior vena cava filter placement.

Objective To explore the levels of water channel protein 4 (aquaporin-4,AQP-4) in the serum and the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) and its clinical significance.Methods Children with the critical HFMD (clinical stage 3) admitted to Xuzhou Children's Hospital from February 2017 to November 2017 were recruited(critical group).In the same period,another 25 cases of common HFMD (central nervous system infection excluded in cerebrospinal fluid examination,common group),the other 25 cases of severe HFMD (clinical stage 2,severe group) were taken as the controls.The levels of AQP-4 in the serum and and cerebrospinal fluid were measured in all children and the levels of AQP-4 in cerebrospinal fluid were checked again in the critical and severe cases after treatment.The levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6),norepinephrine (NE) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in the serum were examined simultaneously and the correlation between them was analyzed.Results Before treatment,the levels of AQP-4 in the serum of critical group were (54.42 ± 19.86) μg/L,which were significantly higher than common group[(8.02 ± 1.59) μg/L] and severe group[(22.04 ± 8.14) μg/L] (F =36.684,P ＜0.01).Compared with before treatment,the levels of AQP-4 in the serum of critical and severe group were significantly lower after treatment (P ＜ 0.05).Before treatment,the levels of AQP-4 in the cerebrospinal fluid of critical and severe cases were respectively (9.81 ±2.27) μg/L and (8.58 ± 1.92) μg/L,which were significantly higher than common group (6.56 ± 1.79) μg/L (F =6.713,P ＜ 0.05).After treatment,the levels of AQP-4 in the cerebrospinal fluid of critical and severe cases were (8.41 ± 1.63) μg/L and (7.14 ± 1.69) μg/ L separately,which were significantly lower than before treatment (t =6.340,5.073,all P ＜ 0.01).The levels of IL-6,NE and NSE in serum were significantly different among the three groups (P ＜ 0.01).The above indicators were positively correlated with the levels of AQP-4 in the serum(r =0.734,0.810,0.729,all P ＜ 0.01)and were also positively correlated with AQP-4 in the cerebrospinal fluid (r =0.299,0.431,0.363,all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion AQP-4 may participate in pathophysiological processes of HFMD.The levels of AQP-4 in serum can be used as an indicator for judging the severity and monitor prognosis of HFMD.

Objective To discuss the clinical application of mechanical thrombectomy with AngioJet system for acute lower limb arterial ischemia (ALI).Methods A total of 12 ALI patients,who underwent percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy with AngioJet systemn during the period from January 2015 to November 2016,were enrolled in this study.The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed.The blood flow classification score after thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) was used to evaluate the blood perfusion condition,and Cooley standard of efficacy score was used to assess the clinical curative effect.Results The technical success rate of mechanical thrombectomy with AngioJet system was 91.7％ (11/12).The average restored perfusion time was (1.5±0.6) hours.The clinical success rate and limb salvage rate were 83.3％ (10/ 12) and 91.7％ (11/12),respectively.The TIMI flow scores were improved from preoperative grade 0 (n=8) and Ⅰ (n=4) to postoperative grade 0 (n=1),Ⅰ (n=3) and Ⅱ (n=8).In 11 patients (91.7％) the symptoms of lower limb arterial ischemia were strikingly improved after mechanical thrombectomy.In one patient,the postoperative TIMI flow score remained 0 as preoperative state and the symptoms of lower limb arterial ischemia were not improved although catheter directed thrombolysis therapy was employed for 24 hours,and above-knee surgical amputation had to be carried out.Cooley efficacy score showed that complete cure was seen in 4 patients (33.3％),good response in 6 patients (50.0％),general improvement in one patient (8.3％) and pool response in one patient (8.3％).No severe bleeding complications occurred.Conclusion Percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy with AngioJet can rapidly recover the blood perfusion in patients with ALI,thus,further deterioration of the disease can be prevented and the limb salvage rate can be improved.Therefore,this technique has good clinical application value.

Objective To assess the safety and efficacy of transcatheter thrombolysis combined with percutaneous puncture balloon dilatation for acute occlusion of forearm arteriovenous fistulas.Methods A total of 20 cases with acute thrombosed arteriovenous fistulas were treated with transcatheter thrombolysis therapy by distal puncture of the brachial artery,and the patients with arteriovenous fistulas stenosis more than 50％ were conducted percutaneous puncture balloon dilatation.Results Acute thrombosed arteriovenous fistulas was dredged in all 20 patients by transcatheter thrombolysis combined with percutaneous puncture balloon dilatation,without serious complications such as hemorrhage,pulmonary embolism and others.After follow-up for 3 to 6 months,16 cases maintained smooth,recurrent thrombosis was founded in 4 cases,among whom 2 were reopened after transcatheter thrombolysis in combination and percutaneous puncture balloon dilatation and 2 failed to dredged.Conclusion Transcatheter thrombolysis in combination with percutaneous puncture balloon dilatation is a safe and effective treatment for patients with acute thrombosed arteriovenous fistulas.

Objective To assess the safety and efficacy of transcatheter thrombolysis combined with percutaneous puncture balloon dilatation for acute occlusion of forearm arteriovenous fistulas.Methods A total of 20 cases with acute thrombosed arteriovenous fistulas were treated with transcatheter thrombolysis therapy by distal puncture of the brachial artery,and the patients with arteriovenous fistulas stenosis more than 50％ were conducted percutaneous puncture balloon dilatation.Results Acute thrombosed arteriovenous fistulas was dredged in all 20 patients by transcatheter thrombolysis combined with percutaneous puncture balloon dilatation,without serious complications such as hemorrhage,pulmonary embolism and others.After follow-up for 3 to 6 months,16 cases maintained smooth,recurrent thrombosis was founded in 4 cases,among whom 2 were reopened after transcatheter thrombolysis in combination and percutaneous puncture balloon dilatation and 2 failed to dredged.Conclusion Transcatheter thrombolysis in combination with percutaneous puncture balloon dilatation is a safe and effective treatment for patients with acute thrombosed arteriovenous fistulas.