ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism of Qidi Tangshen prescription （QDTS） in alleviating podocyte injury and reducing urinary protein in diabetic nephropathy （DN）. MethodUsing network pharmacology methods， we collected the chemical components and targets of QDTS， as well as the targets related to DN. Subsequently， we constructed a "drug-ingredient-target-disease" network for QDTS in the treatment of DN to systematically elucidate the mechanism. The db/db mice were assigned into the model， QDTS （3.34 g·kg^-1）， and losartan capsules （10.29 mg·kg^-1） groups， and db/m mice served as the normal group. Each group consisted of 8 mice， and they underwent continuous intervention for 8 weeks. After the last administration， mice were euthanized， and the urinary albumin excretion rate （UAER） and renal pathological changes were measured and observed. The expression levels of protein kinase B1 （Akt1）， hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha （HIF-1α）， phosphorylated B-cell lymphoma-extra-large （p-Bcl-xl）， as well as autophagy-related indicators microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 （LC3）， ubiquitin-binding protein p62 （p62）， and autophagy-related gene 6 homolog （Beclin1）， were determined. Furthermore， mouse podocytes were divided into the normal glucose （5.5 mmol·L^-1）， high glucose （35 mmol·L^-1）， DMSO （35 mmol·L^-1 glucose+200 mg·L^-1 DMSO）， and QDTS （35 mmol·L^-1 glucose+200 mg·L^-1 QDTS freeze-dried powder） groups. After 48 h of intervention， the protein levels of Akt1， HIF-1α， p-Bcl-xl， LC3， p62， and Beclin1 in podocytes were measured. ResultQDTS had 34 active components acting on 143 targets in the treatment of DN， and 55 targets were related to autophagy， in which Akt1， HIF-1α， and Bcl-xl were the key targets. Compared with the normal group， mice in the model group exhibited significantly increased UAER， glomerular hypertrophy， deposition of blue collagen fibers， thickening of the glomerular basement membrane， and noticeable fusion of podocyte foot processes in some segments. Furthermore， the modeling up-regulated the protein levels of p-Akt1， HIF-1α， and p62 and down-regulating the protein levels of p-Bcl-xl， LC3， and Beclin1 in the renal tissue （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， QDTS and losartan decreased UAER （P<0.05） and alleviated the pathological damage in the renal tissue. Moreover， QDTS and losartan down-regulated the protein levels of p-Akt1， HIF-1α， and p62 and up-regulated the protein levels of p-Bcl-xl， LC3， and Beclin1 in the renal tissue （P<0.05）. In comparison to the normal glucose group， the high glucose group displayed up-regulated protein levels of p-Akt1， HIF-1α， and p62 and down-regulated protein levels of p-Bcl-xl， LC3， and Beclin1 in podocytes （P<0.05）. Compared with the high glucose group， QDTS down-regulated the protein levels of p-Akt1， HIF-1α， and p62 and up-regulated the protein levels of p-Bcl-xl， LC3， and Beclin1 in podocytes （P<0.05）. ConclusionQDTS alleviates podocyte damage and reduced urinary protein in DN by regulating the Akt1/HIF-1α/Bcl-xl signaling pathway， thereby enhancing podocyte autophagy.

Background Maternal atmospheric pollution during pregnancy may alter fetal intrauterine development programming, thereby increasing the risk of childhood obesity in the future. Objective To investigate the effects of atmospheric pollution exposure during pregnancy on the incidence of childhood obesity in offspring. Methods English databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Medline) and Chinese databases (Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and VIP Information Chinese Journal Service Platform) were searched for literature reporting exposure to atmospheric pollution during pregnancy and childhood obesity published from 1 January 2000 to 31 August 2023. The quality of the included literature was evaluated using the quality assessment tools for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies recommended by the US National Institutes of Health. Results Twenty-four studies meeting the inclusion criteria were identified and the associated atmospheric pollutants included particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen oxide, carbon oxide, and sulfur oxide. In comparison to the non-exposed group, prenatal exposure to various common atmospheric pollutants were significantly associated with an elevated risk of childhood obesity in offspring. Conclusion Maternal exposure to atmospheric pollution during pregnancy is associated with an elevated risk of childhood obesity in subsequent years. Future studies should pay more attention to the effects of atmospheric pollution on the distribution of children's body fat and metabolic development, and further identify potential mechanisms of atmospheric pollutant exposure leading to childhood obesity.

ObjectiveTo explore the molecular mechanism of Qidi Tangshen prescription （QDTS） in regulating podocyte pyroptosis in diabetes nephropathy （DN）. MethodThrough in vivo experiment， db/db mice were divided into the model group， QDTS group （3.34 g·kg^-1）， valsartan capsule group （10.29 mg·kg^-1）， with db/m mice serving as the normal control. Each group consisted of 8 mice， and they underwent continuous intervention for 8 weeks. After the last administration， mice were euthanized， and kidney pathological changes were observed. Additionally， the expression levels of pyroptosis-related indicators， including NOD-like receptor protein 3 （NLRP3）， Gasdermin D protein （GSDMD）， and interleukin-1β （IL-1β） protein， were examined. Through in vitro experiment， mouse podocytes were divided into the normal glucose group （5.5 mmol·L^-1 glucose）， high glucose group （35 mmol·L^-1 glucose）， DMSO group （35 mmol·L^-1 glucose+200 mg·L^-1 DMSO）， and QDTS group （35 mmol·L^-1 glucose+200 mg·L^-1 QDTS freeze-dried powder）. After 48 hours of intervention， the expression levels of NLRP3， GSDMD， and IL-1β proteins were measured in podocytes. A drug-ingredient-target-disease interaction network for QDTS in the treatment of DN was constructed by network pharmacology methods. The key signaling pathways regulating podocyte pyroptosis were analyzed， and validation was conducted through in vivo and in vitro experiments. ResultCompared with normal group， glomerular hyperplasia and glomerular basement membrane thickening were observed in model group， and some segments were accompanied by obvious podocellular process fusion. The protein expressions of NLRP3， GSDMD and IL-1β in mouse kidney were increased， the protein expressions of mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 （MAPK14）， V-Rel reticuloendotheliosis virus oncogene homology A （RELA） and Caspase-8 in mouse kidney were increased （P<0.05）. Compared with model group， kidney pathological injury of mice in QDTS group was significantly reduced， and the expressions of NLRP3， GSDMD and IL-1β in kidney of mice in QDTS group and valsartan group were decreased （P<0.05）. The protein expressions of MAPK14， RELA and Caspase-8 in kidney of mice in QDTS group and valsartan group were decreased （P<0.05）. Network pharmacology results showed that there were 16 targets for QDTS to regulate DN cell pyrodeath， among which MAPK14， RELA and Caspase-8 were the key targets. Compared with normal glucose group， the protein expressions of NLRP3， GSDMD and IL-1β in high glucose group were increased （P<0.05）， and the protein expressions of MAPK14， RELA and Caspase-8 in mouse podocytes were increased （P<0.05）. Compared with high glucose group， the expressions of NLRP3， GSDMD and IL-1β in podocytes of mice in QDTS group were decreased （P<0.05）， and the expressions of MAPK14， RELA and Caspase-8 in podocytes of mice in QDTS group were decreased （P<0.05）. ConclusionQDTS reduces damage to DN podocytes， which is associated with its regulation of the MAPK14/RELA/Caspase-8 signaling pathway and inhibition of podocyte pyroptosis.

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) have the characteristics of resistance to environmental degradation, bioaccumulation and long-distance migration potential. Maternal exposure to POPs during pregnancy can enter the fetal blood circulation through the placental barrier, and have a potential impact on the functional development of the nervous system of the offspring. This in turn leads to the occurrence and development of neurological defects and diseases in adulthood. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the effects of exposure to three major POPs (organochlorine compounds, perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers) during pregnancy on the functional development of the nervous system (social emotions, cognition, language, exercise, and adaptability) in children, and to provide reference for subsequent studies.

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) have the characteristics of resistance to environmental degradation, bioaccumulation and long-distance migration potential. Maternal exposure to POPs during pregnancy can enter the fetal blood circulation through the placental barrier, and have a potential impact on the functional development of the nervous system of the offspring. This in turn leads to the occurrence and development of neurological defects and diseases in adulthood. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the effects of exposure to three major POPs (organochlorine compounds, perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers) during pregnancy on the functional development of the nervous system (social emotions, cognition, language, exercise, and adaptability) in children, and to provide reference for subsequent studies.

Childhood obesity has become a global public health problem, and its incidence and development are closely related to the exposure to risk factors in early life. In recent years, more and more epidemiological research evidences have shown that breastfeeding has the modification effect on early life risk factors of childhood obesity, such as high genetic risk of obesity, maternal gestational diabetes mellitus, macrosomia and other factors. This paper reviews the research results in this field, and summarizes the modification effect of breastfeeding on childhood obesity heredity and early life environmental risk factors associated with childhood obesity, to provide a reference for the evaluation of positive effect of breastfeeding on prevention and control of obesity in specific risk groups for taking targeted measure to reduce the risk for childhood obesity.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of oXiris hemofilter for septic shock patients. Methods Clinical data of septic shock patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) with oXiris hemofilter in department of surgical intensive care unit (SICU) of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from March 1st, 2018 to July 20th, 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2), lactate (Lac), platelet count (PLT), serum procalcitonin (PCT), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP), noradrenaline (NE) dosage, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ) and sequential organ failure score (SOFA) were compared before and after oXiris treatment and the prognosis were also analyzed. Results Six patients with septic shock were included [5 males, the average age was (56.3±11.8) years old]. A total of 13 oXiris hemofilter sets were performed during treatment. Compared with before treatment, the HR, IL-6 and CRP levels were significantly decreased after treatment [HR (bpm): 93.8±9.7 vs. 133.5± 18.3, IL-6 (ng/L): 509.2±169.6 vs. 3739.8±618.2, CRP (mg/L): 169.1±148.3 vs. 277.8±68.7, all P < 0.05], MAP, PaO2/FiO2 and PLT were significantly increased [MAP (mmHg, 1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa): 73.3±2.2 vs. 63.3±1.6, PaO2/FiO2 (mmHg): 166.8±40.4 vs. 95.1±56.2, PLT (×109/L): 73.3±27.5 vs. 41.2±21.4, all P < 0.05]; meanwhile, NE dosage, APACHEⅡ and SOFA scores were significantly decreased [NE (μg·kg-1·min-1): 0.4±0.3 vs. 1.2±0.7, APACHEⅡ:18.8±6.9 vs. 30.0±7.3, SOFA: 11.7±4.2 vs. 17.3±2.1, all P < 0.05]. Although Lac and PCT decreased after treatment, there was no significant difference [Lac (mmol/L): 3.5±2.1 vs. 6.1±3.2, PCT (μg/L): 37.7±48.3 vs. 85.1±32.8, both P > 0.05]. At the end, 3 of the 6 patients survived and the others were discharged again medical advice. The length of SICU stay was 3 to 23 days, with an average of (13.0±8.5) days. No adverse events occurred during the treatment. Conclusion oXiris hemofilter can effectively remove inflammatory mediators in circulation, significantly improve hemodynamic status and severity, and may be considered as a safe and reliable treatment modality for septic shock patients.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of oXiris hemofilter for septic shock patients. Methods: Clinical data of septic shock patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) with oXiris hemofilter in department of surgical intensive care unit (SICU) of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from March 1st, 2018 to July 20th, 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), oxygenation index (PaO₂/FiO₂), lactate (Lac), platelet count (PLT), serum procalcitonin (PCT), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP), noradrenaline (NE) dosage, acute physiology and chronic health evaluationⅡ(APACHEⅡ) and sequential organ failure score (SOFA) were compared before and after oXiris treatment and the prognosis were also analyzed. Results: Six patients with septic shock were included [5 males, the average age was (56.3±11.8) years old]. A total of 13 oXiris hemofilter sets were performed during treatment. Compared with before treatment, the HR, IL-6 and CRP levels were significantly decreased after treatment [HR (bpm): 93.8±9.7 vs. 133.5±18.3, IL-6 (ng/L): 509.2±169.6 vs. 3 739.8±618.2, CRP (mg/L): 169.1±148.3 vs. 277.8±68.7, all P < 0.05], MAP, PaO₂/FiO₂ and PLT were significantly increased [MAP (mmHg, 1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa): 73.3±2.2 vs. 63.3±1.6, PaO₂/FiO₂ (mmHg): 166.8±40.4 vs. 95.1±56.2, PLT (×10⁹/L): 73.3±27.5 vs. 41.2±21.4, all P < 0.05]; meanwhile, NE dosage, APACHEⅡ and SOFA scores were significantly decreased [NE (μg·kg^-1·min^-1): 0.4±0.3 vs. 1.2±0.7, APACHEⅡ: 18.8±6.9 vs. 30.0±7.3, SOFA: 11.7±4.2 vs. 17.3±2.1, all P < 0.05]. Although Lac and PCT decreased after treatment, there was no significant difference [Lac (mmol/L): 3.5±2.1 vs. 6.1±3.2, PCT (μg/L): 37.7±48.3 vs. 85.1±32.8, both P > 0.05]. At the end, 3 of the 6 patients survived and the others were discharged again medical advice. The length of SICU stay was 3 to 23 days, with an average of (13.0±8.5) days. No adverse events occurred during the treatment. Conclusion oXiris hemofilter can effectively remove inflammatory mediators in circulation, significantly improve hemodynamic status and severity, and may be considered as a safe and reliable treatment modality for septic shock patients.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) receiving percutaneous drainage (PCD). Methods Clinical data of SAP patients receiving PCD admitted to department of hepatobiliary surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from November 11th 2015 to May 13th 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into CRRT group and control group according to whether or not receiving CRRT. Demographic data, relevant variables before and after PCD, complication and outcome were all compared. Results A total of 75 patients were included in the study, 30 were treated with application of CRRT and 45 without CRRT. ① There was no significant difference in gender, age, body mass index (BMI), medical history (smoking, drinking), complications (cardiovascular disease, chronic lung disease, diabetes, chronic renal insufficiency), etiology (gallstone, alcohol abuse, hyperlipidemia and others), or white blood cell count (WBC), C-reactive protein (CRP), serum procalcitonin (PCT), fluid resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, vasoactive agent or intra-abdominal pressure within 48 hours after admission between the two groups. However, acute physiology and chronic health evaluationⅡ(APACHEⅡ) score within 48 hours after admission of CRRT group was significantly higher than that of control group (18.3±4.5 vs. 12.8±6.2, P < 0.05). ② There was no significant difference in WBC, PCT, APACHEⅡ score or computed tomography severity index (CTSI) before PCD between the two groups. There was no significant difference in the position or times of PCD procedure between the two groups, but the time interval of PCD in the CRRT group was significantly longer than that in the control group (days: 19.4±5.4 vs. 12.8±2.2, P < 0.05). Meanwhile, there was no significant difference in drainage of fluid properties, incidence of abdominal bleeding, infection, gastrointestinal fistula, endoscopic removal of necrotic tissue, laparotomy for removal of necrotic tissue or the time from PCD to endoscopy or laparotomy between two groups. However, the length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay and the length of hospital stay in the CRRT group were significantly longer than those in the control group (days: 23.2±8.5 vs. 15.3±12.1, 51.2±21.2 vs. 31.2±14.0, both P < 0.01). ③ Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that there was no significant differences in 1-year or 3-year cumulative survival rates between the two groups (χ21 = 0.097, P1 = 0.755; χ22 = 0.013, P2 = 0.908). Conclusions CRRT is safe and feasible in the treatment of SAP patients receiving PCD procedure. It does not increase the risk of bleeding and may delay the time interval of PCD intervention. However, it may prolong the length of ICU stay and the length of hospital stay. It should be worthy of much attention for clinicians.

Objective To get an understanding of the patient experience in public hospitals nationwide, and to evaluate the implementation of the Action Plan to Improve Health Care. Methods Supported by the mobile technology, from September 6, 2017 to December 15, 2018, the authors conducted an online survey that measured the satisfaction of both inpatients and outpatients at secondary and tertiary hospitals across the country. 15 questions from six dimensions including registration experience, patient-doctor communication, nurse-patient communication, the healthcare signage system, responsiveness of care providers and privacy protection were prepared for outpatients, while 20 questions from nine aspects such as nurse-patient communication, patient-doctor communication, pain management, medication communication, admission and discharge information, responsiveness of care-givers, food service, friendliness to patient family, and the healthcare signage system were directed at inpatients. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to describe the basic features of the data. Results 9.18 million valid responses from outpatients and another 5.38 million from inpatients were obtained. The overall satisfaction rate with outpatient services had reached a score of 90.45 points where nurse-patient communication stands out as the top-rated dimension and privacy protection gets the lowest rating. On the other hand, the inpatient satisfaction stands at a score of 93.01 with friendliness to patient family receiving the top score and patient-doctor communication the lowest. Conclusions Despite the positive feedback Chinese patients give on the outpatient care they receive, we should make efforts to improve the outpatient care environment, the wayfinding system, privacy protection, and responsiveness of care-givers.