Objective:To establish a novel in vivo and in vitro model of type 2 endoleaks (T2EL) after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA).Methods:In vitro model: Using 3Dmax (2022) software, models of AAA and T2EL were created. These models were fabricated using 3D printing technology, with quartz as the material. Fresh pig blood was injected into the models, and a circulation system was established using a peristaltic pump. The direction of blood flow was observed to confirm the establishment of the in vitro T2EL model. In vivo model: Six Bama miniature pigs were selected, each 10 months old and weighing 40-50 kg. After determining whether unilateral iliac artery occlusion could be permanent through experiments, an AAA animal model from the end of the abdominal aorta to the left common iliac artery was created using the patch formation method. EVAR was performed through the right femoral artery, completely occluding the left iliac artery. The T2EL model was established by using the retrograde blood flow from the left iliac artery. The formation of AAA and T2EL models in vivo was confirmed by color Doppler ultrasound, digital subtraction angiography (DSA), and other methods. The measurement data with normal distribution were expressed as mean±standard deviation( ± s), and comparisons between groups were performed using the independent-samples t-test. The comparison between groups of count data was conducted using the chi-square test. Results:The successful establishment of the T2EL model was confirmed by observing the blood flow in the circulating drip flask. The weight of the Bama miniature pigs in the in vivo model was (41.33±2.21) kg, the diameter of the abdominal aorta was (7.45±0.15) mm, and the maximum diameter of the aneurysm was (16.67±0.61) mm. Through experiments, it was determined that the left iliac artery and umbilical artery of the experimental pigs could be isolated. Therefore, after the aneurysm from the end of the abdominal aorta to the left common iliac artery was established, a covered stent was implanted from the abdominal aorta to the right common iliac artery for EVAR treatment. The successful establishment of the AAA model and the T2EL model with the left iliac artery as the main "culprit vessel" was confirmed by color Doppler ultrasound and DSA.Conclusion:The in vitro models established through 3D printing technology and the T2EL animal model with the left iliac artery as the main "culprit vessel" have a high success rate and can serve as a model basis for the mechanism and treatment research of T2EL after EVAR for AAA.

Lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans is a clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis in the lower extremities.At present, the main treatment methods include stent implantation, balloon angioplasty.However the incidence of restenosis after interventional surgery is high, which seriously affects the effect of surgical treatment and the prognosis of patients.This article reviews the mechanism, influencing factors and the latest progress in the prevention and treatment of vascular restenosis after arteriosclerosis obliterans of the lower extremity orteriosclerosis obliterans intervention, which is of important clinical significance to the early prevention and treatment of instent restenosis.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease caused by thickening of the lining of the arteries, narrowing of the lumen or hardening of occlusion, and the incidence is increasing year by year. Studies have found that the inflammatory response is involved in different pathological processes in atherosclerosis. As an important inflammatory factor, interferon-γ participates in the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis by promoting endothelial cell damage, inducing foam cell formation, and promoting plaque formation and rupture. However, studies have shown that interferon-γ can also act on lipid receptors to inhibit the formation of foam cells, inhibit the proliferation of smooth muscle cells and protect against atherosclerosis.This article will review the effect of interfron-γ of atherosclerosis in occurence and development.

Objective To explore the relationship of vertebral artery hypoplasia (VAH) with acute posterior circulation cerebral infarction (APCCI).Methods One hundred and eighty-nine consecutive patients diagnosed as having acute cerebral infarction admitted to our hospital from March 2015 to March 2016 were enrolled in our study;retrospective analysis was performed on their clinical and radiographic data to compare the general clinical characteristics of patients with posterior circulation infarction (PCI) and anterior circulation infarction (ACI).VAH was conformed by cranial magnetic resonance angiography (MRA),vertebral artery ultrasound or cranial MRA+vertebral artery Ultrasound.The infarction lesions in VAH patients with APCCI were typed;the correlation between vertebral artery diameter's differences and National Institute of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) scores in VAH patients with APCCI was illuminated.Results In 189 consecutive patients with acute cerebral infarction,32 (16.93％) were with VAH;after exclusion of 8 with infarction in both anterior and posterior circulation,90 (49.72％) were in PCI group while 91 (50.28％) in the ACI group.Univariate analysis showed that statistical differences were noted between the two groups in triglyceride (TG) and VAH levels (P＜0.05).In 23 patients with APCCI with VAH,brain stem infarction consisted of 9 patients (5 VAHs were ipsilateral to the infarction,3 VAHs contralateral and one bi-VAH),cerebellum infarction consisted of one patient (ipsilateral side),thalamus infarction 10 patients (4 VAHs were ipsilateral to the infarction,and 6 VAHs contralateral),occipital lobe infarction 2 patients (one ipsilateral and one contralateral) and cerebellum with thalamus infarction one patient (the side of VAH was ipsilateral to the cerebellum and contralateral to the thalamus).After excluding one patient with bi-VAH,in 22 patients with APCCI combined with VAH,significantly positive correlation between vertebral artery diameter's differences and NIHSS scores was noted (r=0.560,P=0.000).Conclusions It might be the best assessment standard of VAH measured by combination of transcranial MRA and vertebral ultrasound.TG and VAH may be risk factors of APCCI,and VAH could be one independent risk factor of APCCI.The side of VAH is usually ipsilateral to the brain stem and cerebellum infarction,while contralateral to the thalamus infarction in APCCI patients with VAH.Also,vertebral artery diameter's differences are positively correlated with NIHSS scores.

Pancreatic encephalopathy (PE)is one of the severe complications of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP).Early diagnosis mostly depends on the history of disease as well as clinical symptoms and signs.PE progresses rapidly and is often complicated by multiple organ dysfunction,and it may finally develop into multiple organ failure with a high fatality rate if not treated in time.It is currently known that de-myelination is one of the important pathological features of this disease,with fat -soluble demyelination of cerebral gray matter and white matter,as well as inflammatory changes such as hemorrhage and edema.The target antigen of demyelinating lesions,however,is myelin basic protein (MBP).This paper reviews the changes in MBP levels in the demyelinating lesions of the central nervous system among PE pa-tients,with the purpose of providing clues for the early diagnosis and prognostic study of demyelinating lesions in PE.

Objective:To investigate the neuro psychological characteristics and their change in leukoaraiosis(LA).M ethods:29 asymotamatic LA sub jects and 25 normal controls were compared on a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery,which included Revised Visual Retention Test(VRT),Wechsler Adult I n telligence Scale-Revised in China(WAIS-RC),and Zung's Self-rated Depression Scal e (SDS).Both groups were matched for sex,age and education.Results:The LA group s cored lower on the VRT than did the control group ,and the mean standard score o f the Memory and/or Freedom From Distractibility factor(MFSs)of the WAIS-RC in t he LA group was lower than that of the control group.There were no significant d ifferences o f the Full Scale IQ of the WAIS-RC and the score of the SDS between the two grou ps. Conclusion:LA may contribute to cogniti ve impairment in the neurologically healthy elderly,especially involving deficits of visuospatial ability ,disfunct ion of memory and attention,as well as slowing of mental processing.