Humans with chronic psychological stress are prone to develop multiple disorders of body function including impairment of immune system. Chronic psychological stress has been reported to have negative effects on body immune system. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been clearly demonstrated. All immune cells are derived from hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in the bone marrow, including myeloid cells which comprise the innate immunity as a pivotal component. In this study, to explore the effects of chronic psychological stress on HSC and myeloid cells, different repeated restraint sessions were applied, including long-term mild restraint in which mice were individually subjected to a 2 h restraint session twice daily (morning and afternoon/between 9:00 and 17:00) for 4 weeks, and short-term vigorous restraint in which mice were individually subjected to a 16 h restraint session (from 17:00 to 9:00 next day) for 5 days. At the end of restraint, mice were sacrificed and the total cell numbers in the bone marrow and peripheral blood were measured by cell counting. The proportions and absolute numbers of HSC (LinCD117Sca1CD150CD48) and myeloid cells (CD11bLy6C) were detected by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. Proliferation of HSC was measured by BrdU incorporation assay. The results indicated that the absolute number of HSC was increased upon long-term mild restraint, but was decreased upon short-term vigorous restraint with impaired proliferation. Both long-term mild restraint and short-term vigorous restraint led to the accumulation of CD11bLy6C cells in the bone marrow as well as in the peripheral blood, as indicated by the absolute cell numbers. Taken together, long-term chronic stress led to increased ratio and absolute number of HSC in mice, while short-term stress had opposite effects, which suggests that stress-induced accumulation of CD11bLy6C myeloid cells might not result from increased number of HSC.
Animals ; Antigens, Ly ; metabolism ; Bone Marrow Cells ; cytology ; CD11b Antigen ; metabolism ; Cell Proliferation ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells ; cytology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Restraint, Physical ; Stress, Psychological

Objective To analyze the differences in biological functions between bone marrow(BM)-derived CD106 mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)and the CD106 subgroup. Methods The MSCs from normal BM were isolated and expanded.The subgroups of CD106 and CD106 MSCs were sorted.The cell proliferation and adhesion functions,chemotactic activities,adipogenic and osteogenic potentials,senescence,and senescence protein 21(p21)were detected.The capacity of translocation into nucleus of nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB)when stimulated by tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α)was measured. Results The proliferative ability was higher in CD106 MSCs than that in CD106 MSCs.In 48 hours,the value of optical density(OD)was significantly higher in CD106 MSCs than that in CD106 subgroup(1.004±0.028 0.659±0.023,=3.946,=0.0225).In 72 hours,this phenomenon was even more pronounced(2.574±0.089 1.590±0.074,=11.240,=0.0000).The adhesive capacity of CD106 MSCs was significantly stronger than that of CD106 subgroup(0.648±0.018 0.418±0.023,=7.869,=0.0002).Besides,the metastasis ability of CD106 MSCs were significantly stronger than that of CD106 subgroup(114.500±4.481 71.000±4.435,=6.900,=0.0005).The CD106 MSCs had signifcnatly lower proportions of senescent cells.The expression of aging protein p21 in CD106 MSCs was significantly lower than that in CD106 MSCs [(17.560±1.421)% (45.800±2.569)%,=9.618,=0.0000].Furthermore,there were no visible pigmenting cells after β-galactosidase staining in CD106 MSCs subgroup.However,in CD106 MSCs,some colored green cells were detected.The rate of NF-κB translocation into nucleus after stimulated by TNF-α was significantly higher in CD106 MSCs than CD106 MSCs [(37.780±3.268)% (7.30±1.25)%,=8.713,=0.0001]. Conclusion Bone marrow-derived CD106 MSCs possess more powerful biological functions than CD106 MSCs.
Bone Marrow Cells ; cytology ; Cell Adhesion ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Proliferation ; Cells, Cultured ; Humans ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells ; cytology ; NF-kappa B ; metabolism ; Protein Transport ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; pharmacology ; Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 ; metabolism

BACKGROUND: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) play an important role in cancer development and progression. However, the mechanism by which they enhance the chemoresistance of ovarian cancer is unknown. METHODS: Conditioned media of BM-MSCs (BM-MSC-CM) were analyzed using a technique based on microRNA arrays. The most highly expressed microRNAs were selected for testing their effects on glycolysis and chemoresistance in SKOV3 and COC1 ovarian cancer cells. The targeted gene and related signaling pathway were investigated using in silico analysis and in vitro cancer cell models. Kaplan-Merier survival analysis was performed on a population of 59 patients enrolled to analyze the clinical significance of microRNA findings in the prognosis of ovarian cancer. RESULTS: MiR-1180 was the most abundant microRNA detected in BM-MSC-CM, which simultaneously induces glycolysis and chemoresistance (against cisplatin) in ovarian cancer cells. The secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) gene was identified as a major target of miR-1180. The overexpression of miR-1180 led to the activation of Wnt signaling and its downstream components, namely Wnt5a, β-catenin, c-Myc, and CyclinD1, which are responsible for glycolysis-induced chemoresistance. The miR-1180 level was inversely correlated with SFRP1 mRNA expression in ovarian cancer tissue. The overexpressed miR-1180 was associated with a poor prognosis for the long-term (96-month) survival of ovarian cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS BM-MSCs enhance the chemoresistance of ovarian cancer by releasing miR-1180. The released miR-1180 activates the Wnt signaling pathway in cancer cells by targeting SFRP1. The enhanced Wnt signaling upregulates the glycolytic level (i.e. Warburg effect), which reinforces the chemoresistance property of ovarian cancer cells.
Adenosine Triphosphate/chemistry* ; Adult ; Aged ; Bone Marrow Cells/cytology* ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; Cells, Cultured ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics* ; Female ; Flow Cytometry ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glycolysis ; Humans ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism* ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism* ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology* ; MicroRNAs/genetics* ; Middle Aged ; Multivariate Analysis ; Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics* ; Up-Regulation ; Wnt Signaling Pathway

BACKGROUNDDendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells found in an immature state in epithelia and interstitial space, where they capture antigens such as pathogens or damaged tissue. Matrix metallopeptidase 13 (MMP-13), a member of the collagenase subfamily, is involved in many different cellular processes and is expressed in murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs). The function of MMP-13 in DCs is not well understood. Here, we investigated the effect of MMP-13 on DC maturation, apoptosis, and phagocytosis.

METHODSBone marrow-derived dendritic cells were obtained from C57BL/6 mice. One short-interfering RNA specific for MMP-13 was used to transfect DCs. MMP-13-silenced DCs and control DCs were prepared, and apoptosis was measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. MMP-13-silenced DCs and control DCs were analyzed for surface expression of CD80 and CD86 and phagocytosis capability using flow cytometry.

RESULTSCompared to the control DCs, MMP-13-silenced DCs increased expression of anti-apoptosis-related genes, BAG1 (control group vs. MMP-13-silenced group: 4.08 ± 0.60 vs. 6.11 ± 0.87, P = 0.008), BCL-2 (control group vs. MMP-13-silenced group: 7.54 ± 0.76 vs. 9.54 ± 1.29, P = 0.036), and TP73 (control group vs. MMP-13-silenced group: 4.33 ± 0.29 vs. 5.60 ± 0.32, P = 0.001) and decreased apoptosis-related genes, CASP1 (control group vs. MMP-13-silenced group: 3.79 ± 0.67 vs. 2.54 ± 0.39, P = 0.019), LTBR (control group vs. MMP-13-silenced group: 9.23 ± 1.25 vs. 6.24 ± 1.15, P = 0.012), and CASP4 (control group vs. MMP-13-silenced group: 2.07 ± 0.56 vs. 0.35 ± 0.35, P = 0.002). Protein levels confirmed the same expression pattern. MMP-13-silenced groups decreased expression of CD86 on DCs; however, there was no statistical difference in CD80 surface expression. Furthermore, MMP-13-silenced groups exhibited weaker phagocytosis capability.

CONCLUSIONThese results indicate that MMP-13 inhibition dampens DC maturation, apoptosis, and phagocytosis.

Animals ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; physiology ; Bone Marrow Cells ; cytology ; Dendritic Cells ; cytology ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Female ; Lipopolysaccharides ; pharmacology ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 ; metabolism ; physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; RNA, Small Interfering

BACKGROUNDThe functional improvement following bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) transplantation after stroke is directly related to the number of engrafted cells and neurogenesis in the injured brain. Here, we tried to evaluate whether 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one (MCI-186), a free radical scavenger, might influence BMSCs migration to ischemic brain, which could promote neurogenesis and thereby enhance treatment effects after stroke.

METHODSRat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was established. Two separate MCAO groups were administered with either MCI-186 or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution to evaluate the expression of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) in ischemic brain, and compared to that in sham group (n = 5/ group/time point[at 1, 3, and 7 days after operation]). The content of chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4, a main receptor of SDF-1) at 7 days after operation was also observed on cultured BMSCs. Another four MCAO groups were intravenously administered with either PBS, MCI-186, BMSCs (2 × 106), or a combination of MCI-186 and BMSCs (n = 10/group). 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and Nestin double-immunofluorescence staining was performed to identify the engrafted BMSCs and neuronal differentiation. Adhesive-removal test and foot-fault evaluation were used to test the neurological outcome.

RESULTSMCI-186 upregulated the expression of SDF-1 in ischemic brain and CXCR4 content in BMSCs was enhanced after hypoxic stimulation. When MCAO rats were treated with either MCI-186, BMSCs, or a combination of MCI-186 and BMSCs, the neurologic function was obviously recovered as compared to PBS control group (P < 0.01 or 0.05, respectively). Combination therapy represented a further restoration, increased the number of BMSCs and Nestin+ cells in ischemic brain as compared with BMSCs monotherapy (P < 0.01). The number of engrafted-BMSCs was correlated with the density of neuronal cells in ischemic brain (r = 0.72 , P < 0.01) and the improvement of foot-fault (r = 0.70, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONMCI-186 might promote BMSCs migration to the ischemic brain, amplify the neurogenesis, and improve the effects of cell therapy.

Animals ; Antipyrine ; analogs & derivatives ; therapeutic use ; Bone Marrow Cells ; cytology ; physiology ; Brain Ischemia ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; therapy ; Chemokine CXCL12 ; metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; therapy ; Male ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; physiology ; Neurogenesis ; physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Stroke ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; therapy

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) on the adherence between mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPC).

METHODSMSC and EPC were isolated, cultured and expanded from the 6-8 weeks aged C57BL/6 murine bone marrow by in vitro. Immuno-fluorescence was used to detect the expression of ICAM-1 in MSC group, EPC group and co-cultured MSC and EPC group. The mRNA and protein levels of ICAM-1 were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot respectively, then, the ICAM-1 adherence between MSC and EPC was observed by adding different concentration of neutralizing antibody.

RESULTSThe expression of ICAM-1 on surface of MSC and EPC could be detected by cell immunofluorescence method. According to results of the semiquantitative fluorescene detection, the fluorescence strength of MSC+EPC co-cultured group (89.02 ± 24.52) was higher than that of MSC group (31.25 ± 2.95) and EPC group (34.32 ± 5.02), and there was statistical difference between them (P < 0.01), but there was no obvious difference between MSC group and EPC group (P > 0.05). RT-PCR detection showed that the expression levels of ICAM-1 in MSC+EPC co-cultured group were higher than that in MSC group and that in EPC group (P < 0.01), and expression level of ICAM in EPC group was higher than that in MSC group (P < 0.01). Western blot detection showed that the expression level of ICAM-1 protein in MSC+EPC co-cultured group (0.33 ± 0.4) was higher than that in MSC group (0.11 ± 0.01) (P < 0.05) and than that in EPC group (0.19+0.02) (P < 0.05), However, the expression level of ICAM-1 protein in EPC group was higher than that in MSC group (P < 0.05). The test of different concentrations against neutralizing antibody showed that with the increasing of concentration of ICAM-1 neutralizing antibody, the adhesion capability of MSC and EPC was gradually decreasing.

CONCLUSIONThe ICAM-1 can mediate the adherence process between MSC and EPC.

Animals ; Bone Marrow ; Cell Adhesion ; Coculture Techniques ; Endothelial Progenitor Cells ; cytology ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 ; metabolism ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL

Objective To compare the effecacy of human mesenchymal stromal cell (hMSC) with human mononuclear cell (hMNC) in treating rat cerebral infarct.Methods The SD rat models of cerebral infarct were established by distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO). Rats were divided into four groups: sham,ischemia vehicle,MSC,and MNC transplantation groups. For the transplantation group,1×10hMSCs or hMNCs were intravascularly transplanted into the tail vein 1 hour after the ischemia onset. The ischemia vehicle group received dMCAO surgery and intravascular saline injection 1,3,5,and 7 days after the ischemia onset,and then behavioral tests were performed. At 48 h after the ischemia onset,the abundance of Iba- 1,the symbol of activated microglia,was evaluated in the peri-ischemia striatum area; meanwhile,the neurotrophic factors such as glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in ipsilateral peri-ischemia striatum area were also measured. Results The relative infarct volume in ischemia vehicle group,hMSC group,and hMNC transplantation group were (37.85±4.40)%,(33.41±3.82)%,and (30.23±3.63)%,respectively. The infarct volumes of MSC group (t=2.100,P=0.034) and MNC group (t=2.109,P=0.0009) were significantly smaller than that of ischemia vehicle group,and that of MNC group was significantly smaller than that of MSC group (t=1.743,P=0.043). One day after transplantation,the score of ischemia vehicle group in limb placing test was (4.32±0.71)%,which was significantly lower than that in sham group (9.73±0.36)% (t=2.178,P=8.61×10). The scores of MSC and MNC group,which were (5.09±0.62)% (t=2.1009,P=0.024) and (5.90±0.68)% (t=2.1008,P=0.0001),respectively,were significantly higher than that of ischemia vehicle group; also,the score of MNC group was significantly higher than that of MSC group(t=2.1009,P=0.0165). The contralateral forelimb scores of MSC and MNC groups in beam walking test were (5.56±0.86)% (t=2.120,P=0.020) and (5.13±0.95)% (t=2.131,P=0.003),were both significantly lower than that of ischemia vehicle group [(6.47±0.61)%]. Three days after the transplantation,the limb placing test score of MNC group [(6.91±1.10)%] was significantly higher than that of ischemia vehicle group (5.80±0.82)% (t=2.110,P=0.027). The score of MSC group [(6.30±0.77)%] showed no statistic difference with that of ischemia vehicle group(t=2.101,P=0.199).The contralateral forelimb scores of MNC group in beam walking test [(4.34±0.58)%] was significantly lower than that of ischemia vehicle group [(5.31±0.65)%] (t=2.100,P=0.006) and MSC group [(4.92±0.53)%] (t=2.100,P=0.041); there was no statistic difference between MSC group and ischemia vehicle group (t=2.109,P=0.139). The relative abundance of Iba- 1 in sham,ischemia vehicle,MSC,and MNC groups was 1.00+0.00,1.72±0.21,1.23±0.08,and 1.48±0.06,respectively. The Iba-1 relative abundance of ischemia vehicle group was significantly higher than that of sham group (t=2.262,P=2.9×10). The Iba-1 relative abundances of both MSC (t=2.178,P=3.91×10)and MNC (t=2.200,P=0.007)groups were significantly lower than that of ischemia vehicle group. It was also significantly lower in MNC group than in MSC group also (t=2.120,P=7.09×10). Three days after transplantation,the BDNF and GDNF levels of MSC group,which were (531.127±73.176)pg/mg (t=2.109,P=0.003)and(127.780±16.733)pg/mg(t=2.100,P=2.76×10),respectively,were significantly higher than those of ischemia vehicle group,which were (401.988±89.006)pg/mg and (86.278±14.832) pg/mg,respectively. The BDNF and GDNF levels of MNC group,which were (627.429±65.646)pg/mg (t=2.144,P=0.017) and (153.117±20.443)pg/mg (t=2.109,P=0.010),respectively,were all significantly higher than that of MSC group. At day 7,the BDNF and GDNF levels of MSC group,which were (504.776±83.282)pg/mg (t=2.101,P=0.005) and (81.641±11.019)pg/mg (t=2.100,P=0.002),respectively,were significantly higher than those of ischemia vehicle group,which were (389.257±70.440)pg/mg and (64.322±9.855) pg/mg,respectively. The BDNF and GDNF levels of MNC group,which were (589.068±63.323)pg/mg (t=2.100,P=0.027) and (102.161±19.932)pg/mg (t=2.144,P=0.017),respectively,were all significantly higher than that of MSC group. Conclusions Both hMSC and hMNC are beneficial to the ischemia-damaged brain when they are intravascularly transplanted within 1 h after the onset of ischemia. The anti-inflammation ability and secretion of neurotrophic factors are the underlying mechanisms of the therapeutic effects. MNC is more effective than MSC in reducing infarct area and improving behaviors,which might be explained by the fact that MNC induces more GDNF and BDNF in brain than MSC.
Animals ; Bone Marrow ; Brain Ischemia ; therapy ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Fetus ; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; metabolism ; Humans ; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery ; therapy ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear ; cytology ; Male ; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo explore the role of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in regulating the functional activity of osteoclasts.

METHODSMultinucleated osteoclasts were obtained by inducing the differentiation of rat bone marrow cells with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and RANKL. The osteoclasts were exposed to different concentrations of the ENaC inhibitor amiloride, and the expression of ENaC on osteoclasts was examined using immunofluorescence technique. The osteoclasts were identified with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, and the positive cells were incubated with fresh bovine femoral bone slices and the number of bone absorption pits was counted by computer-aided image processing. RT-PCR was performed to analyze the expression of cathepsin K in the osteoclasts.

RESULTSs Exposure to different concentrations of amiloride significantly inhibited the expression of ENaC and reduced the number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts. Exposure of the osteoclasts to amiloride also reduced the number of bone resorption pits on bone slices and the expression of osteoclast-specific gene cathepsin K.

CONCLUSIONs ENaC may participate in the regulation of osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption, suggesting its role in functional regulation of the osteoclasts and a possibly new signaling pathway related with ENaC regulation for modulating bone metabolism.

Animals ; Bone Marrow Cells ; cytology ; Bone Resorption ; Cathepsin K ; metabolism ; Cattle ; Cell Differentiation ; Epithelial Sodium Channels ; metabolism ; Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor ; metabolism ; Osteoclasts ; cytology ; RANK Ligand ; metabolism ; Rats ; Signal Transduction

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of panaxadiol saponins component (PDS-C) isolated from total saponins of panax ginseng on proliferation, differentiation and corresponding gene expression profile of megakaryocytes.

METHODSBone marrow culture of colony forming assay of megakaryocytic progenitor cells (CFU-MK) was observed for the promoting proliferation mediated by PDS-C, and differentiation of megakaryocytic blasts caused by PDS-C was analyzed with flow cytometry in CHRF-288 and Meg-01 cells, as well as proliferation, differentiation-related genes expression profile and protein expression levels were detected by human gene expression microarray and western blot.

RESULTSIn response to PDS-C 10, 20 and 50 mg/L, CFU-MK from 10 human bone marrow samples was increased by 28.9%±2.7%, 41.0%±3.2% and 40.5%±2.6% over untreated control, respectively (P <0.01, each). Flow cytometry analysis showed that PDS-C treated CHRF-288 cells and Meg-01 cells significantly increased in CD42b, CD41, TSP and CD36 positive ratio, respectively. PDS-C induced 29 genes up-regulated more than two-fold commonly in both cells detected by human expression microarray representing 4000 known genes. The protein expression levels of ZNF91, c-Fos, BTF3a, GATA-1, RGS2, NDRG2 and RUNX1 were increased with western blot in correspond to microarray results.

CONCLUSIONPDS-C as an effective component for hematopoiesis, play the role to enhance proliferation and differentiation of megakaryocytes, also up-regulated expression of proliferation, differentiation-related genes and proteins in vitro.

Blotting, Western ; Bone Marrow Cells ; cytology ; Cell Differentiation ; drug effects ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Colony-Forming Units Assay ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Flow Cytometry ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Ginsenosides ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Megakaryocytes ; cytology ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Patents as Topic ; Saponins ; pharmacology ; Stem Cells ; cytology ; drug effects ; Transcription Factors ; metabolism ; Up-Regulation ; drug effects ; genetics

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant tumor, characterized by dysplasia of clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow secreting large amounts of monoclonal immunoglobulin or fragments (M protein), resulting in damage in relevant organs or tissues. The biological complexity of MM is based on disrupted cancer pathways. Except the central role of cytogenetic abnormalities, epigenetic aberrations have also been shown to be involved in the occurrence and development of MM. Epigenetics of MM is mainly concentrated in the ways of DNA methylation, histone modifications and noncoding RNA, which have generated abnormal signaling pathways to regulate cell cycle and apoptosis of MM. In this article, advances of research on epigenetics of development, clinical diagnosis and treatments of MM are reviewed.
Apoptosis ; Bone Marrow ; metabolism ; Cell Cycle ; Chromosome Aberrations ; DNA Methylation ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Humans ; Multiple Myeloma ; genetics ; Myeloma Proteins ; metabolism ; Plasma Cells ; cytology ; Signal Transduction