Tuberculosis (TB), a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is primarily airborne and remains a global health problem, especially in resource-limited countries and regions. The emergence of drug resistance in M. tuberculosis has rendered the existing means ineffective in the treatment of TB. Therefore, research in new therapeutic directions has become imperative. In this review, we outline functional peptides in terms of the mechanisms of action, anti-TB attempts, advantages and disadvantages, and latest advances, aiming to analyze the research progress in anti-TB peptides. Furthermore, we investigate the potential applications of bioactive compounds found in traditional Chinese Medicine within the context of peptides.

Alzheimer's disease （AD）， a degenerative disease of the central nervous system， is characterized by progressive degradation of learning， memory， and cognitive functions. Currently， few drugs are available for treating AD， and their effects are limited. Berberine （BBR） is a natural isoquinoline （quaternary ammonium-like） with a wide range of pharmacological effects. Studies have proven that BBR has good potential in the treatment of AD. Specifically， BBR can inhibit the generation， aggregation， and neurotoxicity of amyloid-β and the hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein， promote the clearance of phosphorylated Tau protein， reduce the cholinesterase activity， neuroinflammation， and oxidative stress， regulate neuronal apoptosis， improve the mitochondrial function and glucose and lipid metabolism， suppress the monoamine oxidase activity， and modulate gut microbiota. In addition， researchers have ameliorated the low bioavailability of BBR. Probing into the potential targets is hoped to provide a reference for further research on the prevention and treatment of AD by BBR.

Objective:To evaluate changes in operational effectiveness after the implementation of ambulatory surgical management in pars plana vitrectomy (PPV).Methods:A retrospective clinical study. 17 528 surgeries in 10 895 eyes of 10 895 patients who underwent minimally invasive PPV on an ambulatory and/or inpatient basis at Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital from August 2015 to June 2023 were included in this study. Among them, 5 346 eyes in 5 346 cases were male; 5 549 eyes in 5 549 cases were female. The age ranged from 0 to 95 years, with the mean age of (57.74±13.15) years. 6 381 surgeries in 3 615 eyes from August 2015 to December 2018 (the initial period of day surgery) were used as the control group; 11 147 surgeries in 7 280 eyes from January 2019 to June 2023 (the expanded period of day surgery) were used as the observation group. According to the management mode of ambulatory surgery, the observation group was subdivided into the decentralized management group (January 2019 to December 2020) and the centralized management group (January 2021 to June 2023), with 2 905 and 4 375 eyes and 4 646 and 6 501 surgeries, respectively. Changes in the percentage of day surgery, average hospitalization days, and average unplanned reoperation rate were compared. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare numerical variables between groups; the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was used to compare categorical variables. Results:The number of cases of daytime PPV performed in the observation group and control group was 7 852 (70.44%, 7 852/11 147) and 24 (0.38%, 24/6 381) cases, respectively, and the average hospitalization days were 1 (1) and 5 (3) d. Compared with the control group, the observation group had a significantly higher percentage of day surgery ( χ2=8 051.01) and a considerably lower mean hospitalization day ( Z=4 536 844.50), and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.000 1). The mean hospitalization days in the decentralized and centralized management groups were 2 (3) and 1 (0) d, respectively, and unplanned reoperations were 34 (0.73%, 34/4 646) and 171 (2.63%, 171/6 501) eyes, respectively. Compared with the decentralized management group, average hospitalization days was significantly lower ( Z=1 436.94) and unplanned reoperation rate was significantly higher ( χ2=54.10) were significantly lower in the centralized management group, both of which were statistically significant ( P<0.000 1). Conclusion:PPV ambulatory management model can significantly reduce the average hospitalization day, but also results in higher rates of unplanned reoperations.

Objective To evaluate the effect of early postoperative delirium on outcomes in elderly patients undergoing joint replacement.Methods Elderly patients,aged ≥ 60 yr,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ-Ⅲ,scheduled for elective hip or knee joint replacement,were divided into delirium group and non-delirium group according to whether the patients developed postoperative delirium.The case-matching criteria was set up with difference in age less than 5 yr and difference in Charlson comorbidity index less than 2 and with a ratio of 1 ∶ 4 for match.The development of complications was recorded within 28 days after operation.Complications happened after delirium was recorded in delirium group.Results There were 53 cases in delirium group and 212 cases in non-delirium group.There was no significant difference in preoperative baseline data or intraoperative variables between two groups (P ＞0.05).Compared with non-delirium group,the total incidence of postoperative complications was significantly increased,the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction,cardiovascular complications,pulmonary complications and deep venous thrombosis was increased,and the length of hospitalization was prolonged in delirium group (P＜0.05).Conclusion Early postoperative delirium is not helpful for outcomes in elderly patients undergoing joint replacement.

Objective To evaluate the effect of early postoperative delirium on prognosis in the pa-tients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft in a nested case control study. Methods A total of 308 pa-tients scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass graft were divided into delirium group or non-delirium group according to whether early postoperative delirium occurred. Type of surgery (on-pump or off-pump) and difference of EuroSCORE between two cases ≤2 were considered as criteria, and patients in two groups were matched with a ratio of 1 : 1. The development of complications was observed within 28 days after op-eration. The development of complications developed after delirium was recorded in delirium group. Results The incidence of delirium was 46. 4％. The total incidence of complications, postoperative cardiac insuf-ficiency and incidence of arrhythmia were significantly higher in delirium group than in non-delirium group (P<0. 05). Conclusion Early postoperative delirium is not helpful for the prognosis in the patients under-going coronary artery bypass graft.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of cholinesterase inhibitor on endotoxin-induced brain injury in rabbits.Methods Twenty-one healthy male rabbits were randomly assigned into three groups ( n ＝ 7each):group sham operation (group S),lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group and cholinesterase inhibitor (tacrine hydrochloride,THA) group.LPS 200 μg/kg was intracerebroventricularly injected in LPS group,LPS 200μg/kgand tacrine hydrochloride 150 μg/kg were injected in THA group,while same volume of normal saline was injected in S group.Then blood and tissue samples were collected in different groups after 4 hours.Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 activity of brain tissues was determined by using Western blot analysis.Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in plasma,cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissues were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.The brain tissue's myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and the ratio of wet to dry weight (W/D) were also analyzed.ResultsAs compared with S group,TNF-α level in plasma,cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissues,NF-κB p65 level,MPO activity and W/D ratio increased in LPS and THA groups (P < 0.05).When compared with LPS group,TNF-α level in plasma,cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissues,NF-κB p65 level,MPO activity and W/D ratio decreased in THA group ( P < 0.05 ).ConclusionCholinesterase inhibitor can attenuate the endotoxin-induced brain injury through inhibiting local inflammatory responses.