Objective To investigate the toxic activity of perilla essential oil(PE-EO)and PE-EO nanoemulsion on larvae and pupae of Culex pipiens pallens.The findings of this study will provide a scientific basis for the development of safe and effective plant-derived mosquitoicides.Methods The larvicidal and pupicidal activity,the duration of action of PE-EO nanoemulsion against Cx.pipiens pallens,and toxicity to non-target organisms were determined using a series of laboratory bioassays.Results The LC50 of PE-EO against L1,L2,L3 larvae was 25.4,43.0,46.6 mg/L,while those of nanoemulsion-PE-EO against L1,L2,L3 larvae was＜25.0,35.1,38.1 mg/L respectively.At all larvae stages,the larvicidal activity of the nanoemulsion was significantly greater than that of pure EO at the same concentration.In pupal stage,the mortality of PE-EO at 24 h and 48 h were 1.3％and 2％,while that of nanoemulsion-PE-EO were 34.7％and 40％.The larvicidal activity of the essential oil(EO)is limited to a period of 1-2 days,whereas the nanoemulsion can maintain its efficacy for up to 5 days.Neither the EO nor the nanoemulsion exhibited any toxicity towards aquatic plants.However,the toxicity of the PE-EO mixture towards fish was significantly reduced following nanoemulsion encapsulation.Conclusion In comparison to PE-EO,the nanoemulsion displays enhanced stability,which has resulted in augmented killing activity against mosquito larvae and a reduction in toxicity to non-target organisms.Nanoemulsion-PE-EO has the potential to serve as an environmentally friendly,sustainable and efficacious larvicide for mosquito vector control.

Secondary development of Chinese Patent Medicine (CPM) is an effective and innovation-driven way for the leaping development of Chinese medicine industry with less investment and faster return. Aim to improving the efficacy, safety and batch-to-batch consistency of CPMs, the theory and methodology for the secondary development of CPMs, mode for cultivating superior CPM, approaches to reforming the pharmaceutical technology and the corresponding core technologies were proposed in this paper, which is summarized as 'One objective, Three analyses, Five definitudes and Seven improvements'.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; economics ; Patents as Topic ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; economics ; legislation & jurisprudence ; methods ; Translational Medical Research ; economics ; legislation & jurisprudence ; methods

BACKGROUNDIntramedullary nails have been widely used in treating femoral shaft fractures. However, end caps falling into soft tissue intraoperatively may cause trouble to surgeons, prolong operative time and increase radiation exposure. Additionally, difficulties may be encountered when removing nails because of callus formation over the nail tip. We performed a prospective study to compare two types of nails in managing femoral shaft fractures.

METHODSGroup I consisted of seventy-four patients with unilateral femoral shaft fractures treated with cannulated interlocking anatomical femoral intramedullary nails. Group II consisted of seventy-eight patients treated with cannulated interlocking anatomical femoral intramedullary nails with tail wires. The patients' ages, fracture severity, duration of operation, fluoroscopy time, blood loss and falls of end caps into soft tissue were recorded. Nails were removed after fracture healing. The duration of operation and blood loss during nail removal were recorded.

RESULTSThere were no significant differences between groups with respect to age and fracture severity (P > 0.05). End caps fell into soft tissue 17 times in 15 cases in group I and 21 times in 16 cases in group II. An average of seven minutes was spent recovering a lost cap in group I. In group II, all lost caps were recovered immediately. The duration of operation and fluoroscopy time in group II was significantly less than in group I (P < 0.05). Asymptomatic palpable nodules were detected in 4 cases in group II. Nail removals were performed on 58 patients in group I and 69 patients in group II. The duration of operation, blood loss and complications in group II were less than in group I (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONIntramedullary nails with tail wires facilitate both fracture fixation and nail removal, which can be used to treat femoral shaft fractures with less radiation exposure, shorter surgical time and fewer complications.

Adult ; Aged ; Bone Nails ; Female ; Femoral Fractures ; surgery ; Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary ; methods ; Humans ; Internal Fixators ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult