Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a microsporidian pathogen. Recently, the equestrian population is increasing in Korea. The horse-related zoonotic pathogens, including E. bieneusi, are concerns of public health. A total of 1,200 horse fecal samples were collected from riding centers and breeding farms in Jeju Island and inland areas. Of the fecal samples 15 (1.3%) were PCR positive for E. bieneusi. Interestingly, all positive samples came from Jeju Island. Diarrhea and infection in foals were related. Two genotypes (horse1, horse2) were identified as possible zoonotic groups requiring continuous monitoring.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the value of ultrasound (US) microflow assessment in distinguishing malignant from benign solid breast masses as well as the association between US parameters and histologic microvessel density (MVD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-eight breast masses (57 benign and 41 malignant) were examined using Superb Microvascular Imaging (SMI) and contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) before biopsy. Two radiologists evaluated the quantitative and qualitative vascular parameters on SMI (vascular index, morphology, distribution, and penetration) and CEUS (time-intensity curve analysis and enhancement characteristics). US parameters were compared between benign and malignant masses and the diagnostic performance was compared between SMI and CEUS. Subgroup analysis was performed according to lesion size. The effect of vascular parameters on downgrading Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) category 4A masses was evaluated. The association between histologic MVD and US parameters was analyzed. RESULTS: Malignant masses were associated with a higher vascular index (15.1 ± 7.3 vs. 5.9 ± 5.6), complex vessel morphology (82.9% vs. 42.1%), central vascularity (95.1% vs. 59.6%), penetrating vessels (80.5% vs. 31.6%) on SMI (all, p < 0.001), as well as higher peak intensity (37.1 ± 25.7 vs. 17.0 ± 15.8, p < 0.001), slope (10.6 ± 11.2 vs. 3.9 ± 4.2, p = 0.001), area (1035.7 ± 726.9 vs. 458.2 ± 410.2, p < 0.001), hyperenhancement (95.1% vs. 70.2%, p = 0.005), centripetal enhancement (70.7% vs. 45.6%, p = 0.023), penetrating vessels (65.9% vs. 22.8%, p < 0.001), and perfusion defects (31.7% vs. 3.5%, p < 0.001) on CEUS (p ≤ 0.023). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs) of SMI and CEUS were 0.853 and 0.841, respectively (p = 0.803). In 19 masses measuring < 10 mm, central vascularity on SMI was associated with malignancy (100% vs. 38.5%, p = 0.018). Considering all benign SMI parameters on the BI-RADS assessment, unnecessary biopsies could be avoided in 12 category 4A masses with improved AUCs (0.500 vs. 0.605, p < 0.001). US vascular parameters associated with malignancy showed higher MVD (p ≤ 0.016). MVD was higher in malignant masses than in benign masses, and malignant masses negative for estrogen receptor or positive for Ki67 had higher MVD (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: US microflow assessment using SMI and CEUS is valuable in distinguishing malignant from benign solid breast masses, and US vascular parameters are associated with histologic MVD.
Area Under Curve ; Biopsy ; Breast Neoplasms ; Breast ; Estrogens ; Information Systems ; Microvessels ; Perfusion ; Prospective Studies ; ROC Curve ; Ultrasonography

Although the prognosis of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is extremely good, locoregional recurrences after initial treatment occur. Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a reliable tumor marker to detect recurrence or persistence of PTC. However, occasionally serum Tg may miss the detection of a recurrence. We report a 54-year-old female presented with hoarseness due to cervical recurrence without concomitant elevation of serum Tg and anti-Tg antibody, in contrast to extremely increased needle-washout Tg, who had undergone a total thyroidectomy and radioiodine ablation as initial therapies for PTC. Several factors causing such discrepancy between needle-washout Tg and serum Tg can be suggested including site of recurrence, volume of tumor, interference by some kind of plasma antibodies other than anti-Tg antibody, and any conformational defect of Tg protein. Among them, the most convincing explanation is that any conformational defect of Tg may lead to impaired secretion of Tg to blood. We suggest that more studies are needed to find the cause for potential mechanisms involved in PTC recurrences without increased serum Tg.
Antibodies ; Female ; Hoarseness ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Plasma ; Prognosis ; Recurrence ; Thyroglobulin* ; Thyroid Neoplasms* ; Thyroidectomy

Swiprosin-1 exhibits the highest expression in CD8+ T cells and immature B cells and has been proposed to play a role in lymphocyte biology through actin remodeling. However, regulation of swiprosin-1 gene expression is poorly understood. Here we report that swiprosin-1 is up-regulated in T cells by PKC pathway. Targeted inhibition of the specific protein kinase C (PKC) isotypes by siRNA revealed that PKC-theta is involved in the expression of swiprosin-1 in the human T cells. In contrast, down-regulation of swiprosin-1 by A23187 or ionomycin suggests that calcium-signaling plays a negative role. Interestingly, swiprosin-1 expression is only reduced by treatment with NF-kappaB inhibitors but not by NF-AT inhibitor, suggesting that the NF-kappaB pathway is critical for regulation of swiprosin-1 expression. Collectively, these results suggest that swiprosin-1 is a PKC-theta-inducible gene and that it may modulate the late phase of T cell activation after antigen challenge.
Actins ; Biology ; Calcimycin ; Down-Regulation ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Ionomycin ; Lymphocytes ; NF-kappa B ; Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid ; Protein Kinase C ; Protein Kinases ; RNA, Small Interfering ; T-Lymphocytes

A variety of benzylidenethiazole analogs have been demonstrated to inhibit 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX). Here we report the anti-atherogenic potential of 5-(4-hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethylbenzylidene) thiazolidin-2,4-dione (HMB-TZD), a benzylidenethiazole analog, and its potential mechanism of action in LDL receptor-deficient (Ldlr-/-) mice. HMB-TZD Treatment reduced leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production significantly in RAW264.7 macrophages and SVEC4-10 endothelial cells. Macrophages or endothelial cells pre-incubated with HMB-TZD for 2 h and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) displayed reduced cytokine production. Also, HMB-TZD reduced cell migration and adhesion in accordance with decreased proinflammatory molecule production in vitro and ex vivo. HMB-TZD treatment of 8-week-old male Ldlr-/- mice resulted in significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesions without a change to plasma lipid profiles. Moreover, aortic expression of pro-atherogenic molecules involved in the recruitment of monocytes to the aortic wall, including TNF-alpha , MCP-1, and VCAM-1, was downregulated. HMB-TZD also reduced macrophage infiltration into atherosclerotic lesions. In conclusion, HMB-TZD ameliorates atherosclerotic lesion formation possibly by reducing the expression of proinflammatory molecules and monocyte/macrophage recruitment to the lesion. These results suggest that HMB-TZD, and benzylidenethiazole analogs in general, may have therapeutic potential as treatments for atherosclerosis.
Animals ; Atherosclerosis/*drug therapy ; Cell Adhesion/drug effects ; Cell Line ; Cell Movement/drug effects ; Chemokine CCL2/metabolism ; Dinoprostone/metabolism ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Humans ; Leukotriene B4/metabolism ; Macrophages/cytology/drug effects ; Male ; Mice ; Monocytes/cytology/*drug effects ; Random Allocation ; Receptors, LDL/deficiency/genetics ; Thiazolidinediones/*therapeutic use ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology

Many interventional cardiologists rely upon percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug-eluting stents (DES), but DES may provoke serious complications, such as stent thrombosis and delayed restenosis. Previous studies of bare metal stent placement showed regression of neointimal proliferation after 6 months. Here, we report the case of a 50-year-old man demonstrating spontaneous regression of neointimal hyperplasia after undergoing PCI with a bare metal stent to treat a middle left anterior descending (LAD) artery lesion. Coronary angiography showed 90% diffuse restenosis at 6 months after stent placement, but the patient refused PCI due to monetary concerns. After 29 months, follow-up angiography revealed spontaneous regression of restenosis in the middle LAD.
Angiography ; Arteries ; Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Restenosis ; Drug-Eluting Stents ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Middle Aged ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ; Stents ; Thrombosis

Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is an intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma with a high mortality rate and a poor prognosis. Sarcomatous change/epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of CC frequently leads to aggressive intrahepatic spread and metastasis. The aim of this study was to identify the genetic alterations and gene expression pattern that might be associated with the sarcomatous change in CC. Previously, we established 4 human CC cell lines (SCK, JCK1, Cho-CK, and Choi-CK). In the present study, we characterized a typical sarcomatoid phenotype of SCK, and classified the other cell lines according to tumor cell differentiation (a poorly differentiated JCK, a moderately differentiated Cho-CK, and a well differentiated Choi-CK cells), both morphologically and immunocytologically. We further analyzed the genetic alterations of two tumor suppressor genes (p53 and FHIT) and the expression of Fas/FasL gene, well known CC-related receptor and its ligand, in these four CC cell lines. The deletion mutation of p53 was found in the sarcomatoid SCK cells. These cells expressed much less Fas/FasL mRNAs than did the other ordinary CC cells. We further characterize the gene expression pattern that is involved in the sarcomatous progression of CC, using cDNA microarrays that contained 18,688 genes. Comparison of the expression patterns between the sarcomatoid SCK cells and the differentiated Choi-CK cells enabled us to identify 260 genes and 247 genes that were significantly over-expressed and under-expressed, respectively. Northern blotting of the 14 randomly selected genes verified the microarray data, including the differential expressions of the LGALS1, TGFBI, CES1, LDHB, UCHL1, ASPH, VDAC1, VIL2, CCND2, S100P, CALB1, MAL2, GPX1, and ANXA8 mRNAs. Immunohistochemistry also revealed in part the differential expressions of these gene proteins. These results suggest that those genetic and gene expression alterations may be relevant to the sarcomatous change/EMT in CC cells.
Acid Anhydride Hydrolases/genetics ; Animals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cholangiocarcinoma/*genetics ; Female ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mutation ; Neoplasm Proteins/genetics ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Sarcoma/*genetics ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics

Previous reports have suggested that a high serum cyclosporine A (CsA) level could result in a lower incidence of acute-graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD). An elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level has been reported to be an adverse predictor of outcome in stem cell transplantation (SCT) for acute myeloid leukemia. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the records of 24 patients who received allogeneic SCT from an HLA-matched sibling donor for acute and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Univariate analysis showed that two factors (the serum CsA level at the third week after SCT and the LDH level at the third week after SCT) were significantly associated with the incidence of aGVHD among several variables (age, sex, stem cell source, cell dose, C-reactive protein, absolute lymphocyte count, conditioning regimens, and time to engraftment). A higher serum level of CsA and lower serum LDH level at the third week after SCT were associated with a lower incidence of aGVHD (P=0.015, 0.030). In multivariate analysis, the serum CsA level (hazard ratio [HR], 0.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.022-0.652, P=0.0014) and serum LDH level (HR, 6.59; 95% CI, 1.197-36.316, P=0.030) at the third week after SCT were found to be independent factors that were significantly associated with the development of aGVHD. We conclude that a high CsA level and low LDH level might predict a low cumulative incidence of aGVHD after allogeneic transplantation from a matched sibling donor.
Acute Disease ; Adult ; Cyclosporine/*blood ; Female ; Graft vs Host Disease/*epidemiology/etiology ; Humans ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/*blood ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multivariate Analysis ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; *Stem Cell Transplantation ; Transplantation, Homologous

Granulocytic sarcoma is a localized tumor that's composed of immature granulocytic cells and this is more common in patient with 8;21 translocation. We present here a case in a 64-year-old man who was diagnosed with acute myelogenous leukemia (erythroleukemia) that had a complex hyperdiploid karyotype. While he underwent chemotherapy, he developed nausea, vomiting, headache and dysarthria. After several diagnostic work-ups, granulocytic sarcoma in the cerebellum and leptomeningeal metastasis of his leukemia were found on the magnetic resonance imaging and the cerebrospinal fluid cytology.
Brain ; Cerebellum ; Dysarthria ; Headache ; Humans ; Karyotype ; Leukemia ; Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Middle Aged ; Nausea ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Sarcoma ; Sarcoma, Myeloid ; Vomiting

A 52-yr-old male with multiple myeloma underwent autologous stem cell transplantation in June 2002. In August 2004, the multiple myeloma had recurred. The patient received allogenic stem cell transplantation in September 2005. Before undergoing transplantation, the presence of HBsAb and the absence of HBsAg were noted. The patient underwent allogenic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) from a sibling donor who was hepatitis surface antibody (HBsAb) positive and hepatitis surface antigen (HBsAg) negative. Nineteen months after the PBSCT, the liver function tests showed elevation of the aminotransferases. The patient was HBsAg positive and HBsAb negative. The liver biopsy specimen revealed hepatitis. The reactivation of a hepatitis B virus infection, in a hepatitisB immune patient, referred to as reverse seroconversion, is a rare complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Antigens, Surface ; Biopsy ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells ; Hepatitis ; Hepatitis B ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; Hepatitis B virus ; Humans ; Liver ; Liver Function Tests ; Male ; Multiple Myeloma ; Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation ; Siblings ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Tissue Donors ; Transaminases ; Transplants