Diabetes and its complications pose a serious threat to human life and health. It has become a public health problem of wide concern worldwide. Currently, diabetes is mainly treated with insulin injection in clinic. However, manual insulin injection still has many shortcomings. In recent years, with the deepening of research, it has been found that an automated insulin delivery system (AID), which combines a continuous glucose monitoring device with an insulin pump, can significantly improve the effectiveness of diabetes treatment and reduce the incidence of complications in patients. This paper firstly introduces the composition of the AID system and its working principle, and then details the development history and current status of the related technologies from the aspects of continuous glucose monitoring technology, insulin pumps and the development of closed-loop control algorithms, etc. Finally, this paper looks forward to the application prospect and future development of AID system in the field of diabetes treatment, providing theoretical reference for further research.
Humans ; Insulin Infusion Systems ; Insulin/administration & dosage* ; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring/instrumentation* ; Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy* ; Algorithms ; Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage* ; Blood Glucose/analysis* ; Pancreas, Artificial ; Automation

We describe herein a case of life-threatening hypoglycemia due to spurious elevation of glucose concentration during the administration of ascorbic acid in a type 2 diabetic patient. A 31-year-old female was admitted for proliferative diabetic retinopathy treatment and prescribed high dose ascorbic acid. During hospitalization, she suddenly lost her consciousness and her glucose concentration was 291 mg/dL, measured using self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) device, while venous blood glucose concentration was 12 mg/dL. After intravenous injection of 50% glucose solution, the patient became alert. We reasoned that glucose measurement by SMBG device was interfered by ascorbic acid. Physicians should be aware of this interference; high dose ascorbic acid may cause spurious elevation of glucose concentration when measuring with SMBG devices.
Adult ; Ascorbic Acid/administration & dosage/adverse effects/contraindications/*therapeutic use ; Blood Glucose ; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring/instrumentation/standards ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood/drug therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Hypoglycemia/*diagnosis ; Renal Dialysis

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the accuracy of continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in the detection of blood glucose changes in glucose stress condition.

METHODSForty-nine out-patients with fasting plasma glucose of 3.9-11.0 mmol/L underwent continuous blood glucose monitoring using CGMS for 3 days, and OGTT was conducted on the third day. The venous blood glucose was measured at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after oral glucose intake, and the accuracy of CGMS during OGTT was evaluated.

RESULTSThe correlation indices between CGMS values and the venous blood glucose values during the entire OGTT and in phases of stable, rapidly rising and falling glucose levels were 0.928, 0.901, 0.924 and 0.902, respectively (P<0.001). Clarke error-grid analysis showed that more than 95% of the measured results fell into the A and B zones.

CONCLUSIONCGMS values show good consistency with venous blood glucose values measured during OGTT. CGMS is accurate in detection of rapidly changing blood glucose during OGTT.

Adult ; Aged ; Blood Glucose ; analysis ; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring ; methods ; Female ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; instrumentation ; methods ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Monitoring, Physiologic ; methods ; Young Adult

In order to overcome the existing shortcomings of the non-invasive blood glucose polarized light measurement methods of optical heterodyne detection and direct detection, we present in this paper a new orthogonal twin-polarized light (OTPL) non-invasive blood glucose measurement method, which converts the micro-angle rotated by an optical active substance such as glucose to the energy difference of OTPL, amplifies the signals by the high-sensitivity lock-in amplifier made of relevant principle, controls Faraday coil current to compensate the changes in deflection angle caused by blood glucose, and makes use of the linear relationship between blood glucose concentration and Faraday coil current to calculate blood glucose concentration. In our comparative experiment using the data measured by LX-20 automatic biochemical analyzer as a standard, a 0.9777 correlation coefficient is obtained in glucose concentration experiment, and a 0.952 in serum experiment. The result shows that this method has higher detection sensitivity and accuracy and lays a foundation for the development of practical new type of non-invasive blood glucose tester for diabetic patients.
Animals ; Blood Glucose ; analysis ; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring ; instrumentation ; methods ; Diabetes Mellitus ; blood ; Humans ; Optical Rotation ; Optics and Photonics ; Pilot Projects ; Polarography ; Rabbits

Non-invasive blood glucose monitoring will be the development direction for detecting the blood glucose concentration of body in time. In this way, the concentration of the blood glucose can be controlled effectively, then the complicating diseases of diabetes can be reduced, so it is of great significance for diagnosis and treatment of diabetes. The recent developments of non-invasive blood glucose concentration monitoring technologies, including basic principles, results of verification test and instruments, are discussed, especially three methods with instruments facing market. The existing problems of these methods are also discussed. Finally, some difficult points of current non-invasive blood glucose monitoring methods are further discussed and the future trend of the technologies has been pointed out according to the above analysis.
Biosensing Techniques ; instrumentation ; methods ; Blood Glucose ; analysis ; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring ; instrumentation ; methods ; Diabetes Mellitus ; blood ; Equipment Design ; Humans

BACKGROUND: We have evaluated the analytical performance of SureStep Flexx (Johnson and Johnson, USA) which can report the plasma equivalent glucose test results and be connected to the hospital information networks, following ISO15197 analytic procedure for glucometer for the first time. METHODS: Adopting the guidelines of ISO15197, we measured the precision of ten glucometers from their repeatability and intermediate precision, and determined the accuracies of the glucometer, comparing to those of GEM Premier 4000 (Instrumentation Laboratory, USA). In addition, the guidelines of CLSI EP9-A2 and EP6-A were applied to correlate between data of glucometer and those of laboratory reference method by TBA-200FR (Toshiba Medical Systems, Japan) and to examine its linearity of glucose concentrations measured by SureStep Flexx. We used the clinical specimens and commercial control materials. RESULTS: Repeatabilities and intermediate precisions of those glucometers were 4.0-7.3%, and 4.3-6.2%, respectively. When glucose levels are under 75 mg/dL, the difference between results of those meters and the reference values were within +/-6 mg/dL. However when glucose levels are over 75 mg/dL, those differences were within +/-12.7%. These results were acceptable for the ISO15197 criteria in all glucose concentrations. The glucose concentrations showed the clinically relevant linearity in the range from 36 mg/dL to 491 mg/dL. Moreover, Error Grid Analysis showed that all glucose results were in "zone A", which means that these values were clinically accurate. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that SureStep Flexx can provide reliable results for patients and clinicians to manage the diabetes mellitus, satisfying the ISO15197 criteria.
Blood Glucose/*analysis ; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring/*instrumentation/methods/*standards ; Diabetes Mellitus/blood/diagnosis ; Humans ; Quality Control ; Reference Values ; Reproducibility of Results

This article elucidates the understanding of National Standard GB/T19634-2005 "In Vitro Diagnostic Test Systems-General Technical Requirements for Blood-Glucose Monitoring Systems for Self-Testing" from the perspective of registration tests of blood glucose analyzers, and summarizes some of the common problems existing in sending the blood glucose analyzers for inspection in registration tests according to the relevant regulations.
Blood Glucose ; analysis ; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring ; instrumentation ; standards ; Health Personnel

BACKGROUND: Point-of-care testing (POCT) glucometers are increasingly being used for making important therapeutic decisions and managing diabetes. We examined the analytical performance of GLUCOCARD X-METER (ARKRAY Global Business Inc., Japan) against three other glucometers and a reference laboratory method. METHODS: We evaluated the analytical performance of GLUCOCARD X-METER in comparison with three other glucometers. Studies on precision, linearity, the analysis time, and effects of hematocrit and temperature were carried out and the results were compared with those of the laboratory reference method (hexokinase method by Hitachi 760, Hitachi Co., Japan). RESULTS: GLUCOCARD X-METER showed a good linearity and within-run and total-run precision. Comparison between each glucometer and the Hitachi 7600 showed a good correlation. Although differences with the reference method were within an allowable range, all glucometers showed variable bias. Application of an insufficient amount of blood could produce some changes in test results. Changes in hematocrit were found to cause overestimation or underestimation of glucose values. For some test strips, the results were affected by prolonged exposure to room temperature or 4degrees C refrigerator. CONCLUSIONS: GLUCOCARD X-METER showed a good analytical performance in linearity, precision, and comparison. The effect of hematocrit, sample volume, and storage condition for test strips were noted and glucometers had variable deviations to both directions from laboratory reference values (<20%). The GLUCOCARD X-METER provided rapid and reliable measurements of blood glucose. It could be appropriate for monitoring blood glucose values in diabetic patients.
Blood Glucose/*analysis ; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring/*instrumentation/methods ; Diabetes Mellitus/blood ; Hematocrit ; Humans ; Point-of-Care Systems ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity

Currently finger pricking is the common method of blood glucose measurement in patients with diabetes mellitus. However, diabetes patients have proven to be reluctant to check their glucose profiles regularly because of the discomfort associated with this technique. Recently, a non-invasive and continuous Reverse Iontophoresis based Glucose Monitoring Device (RIGMD) was developed in Korea. The study was conducted during the period November 2003-January 2004 on 19 in-patients. Glucose measurements were performed using RIGMD between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. Concurrent plasma glucose levels were checked hourly and subsequently compared with RIGMD data. The mean error of RIGMD measurements was -3.45+/-52.99 mg/dL with a mean absolute relative error of 20+/-15.16%. Measurements obtained by RIGMD were correlated with plasma glucose levels (correlation coefficient; 0.784 (p<0.05)) and this correlation was independent of time of data collection. However, after excluding confounding variables this correlation coefficient exhibited a tendency to increase. 98.9% of the results were clinically acceptable by Clarke error grid analysis. We concluded that RIGMD does not have the reliability and accuracy required to wholly replace conventional methods. However, further technical advancements that reduce its shortcomings would make this device useful for the management of diabetes.
Middle Aged ; Male ; Linear Models ; *Iontophoresis ; Humans ; Female ; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring/adverse effects/*instrumentation ; Aged ; Adult

A portable glucose meter based on PIC microcomputer with data storage, analysis and historical data curve display functions, is presented. The concentration of blood glucose is detected with a glucose oxidase electrode. Test records may be stored and historic data can be displayed on the LCD with a fitting curve.
Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring ; instrumentation ; Computer-Aided Design