The aim of this study was to conduct in vivo experiments using laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) technology to investigate the effects of high salt diet on renal vascular reactivity in mice. LSCI is a technology for monitoring blood flow based on the laser speckle principle. It has been widely used to detect microcirculatory functions in tissues such as the skin and brain. The kidneys are located behind the peritoneum, and their position is easily affected by the movement of abdominal organs. Measuring renal microcirculation in a living individual is difficult. The present study used a self-made kidney cup to isolate the kidney and fix its position relatively, and then applied LSCI technology to explore the effect of high salt diet (8% Na⁺) on renal vascular reactivity in male and female mice in vivo. The results showed that a short-term high salt diet (1 week) did not affect the systolic blood pressure of the tail artery, while significantly increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal blood flow (RBF). Compared with the normal salt diet group, the high salt diet group showed a significant decrease in the ratio of post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) in male mice, while there was no significant change in the PORH ratio in female mice. These results suggest that, although a short-term high salt diet does not cause changes in blood pressure, it has already affected renal vascular reactivity and has gender differences in its effects. Furthermore, the present study provides a basis for renal microcirculation assessment using LSCI in vivo.
Animals ; Mice ; Male ; Female ; Kidney/blood supply* ; Renal Circulation/physiology* ; Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary/adverse effects* ; Microcirculation/physiology* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL

By using Doppler sensor and pressure sensor, the cerebrovascular stroke detector can be used to measure the blood flow velocity and blood pressure of the carotid artery. In this study, a variety of signal conversion and isolation processing techniques are proposed for processing and feature extraction of the output signals from the sensors. Finally, effective signal output waveforms that can be used to evaluate the cerebrovascular hemodynamics index (CVHI) are obtained, and the sound signal outputs that can reflect the change characteristics of blood flow velocity and blood pressure signals are generated, which realizes the application functional requirements of the detector.
Blood Flow Velocity/physiology* ; Cerebrovascular Circulation/physiology* ; Hemodynamics/physiology* ; Humans ; Stroke ; Technology

OBJECTIVE: To observe the immediate effect and safety of Shexiang Tongxin dropping pills (, STDP) on patients with coronary slow flow (CSF), and furthermore, to explore new evidence for the use of Chinese medicine in treating ischemic chest pain. METHODS: Coronary angiography (CAG) with corrected thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) frame count (CTFC) was applied (collected at 30 frames/s). The treatment group included 22 CSF patients, while the control group included 22 individuals with normal coronary flow. CSF patients were given 4 STDP through sublingual administration, and CAG was performed 5 min after the medication. The immediate blood flow frame count, blood pressure, and heart rate of patients before and after the use of STDP were compared. The liver and kidney functions of patients were examined before and after treatments. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in CTFC between groups (P<0.05). The average CTFC values of the vessels with slow blood flow in CSF patients were, respectively, 49.98 ± 10.01 and 40.42 ± 11.33 before and after the treatment with STDP, a 19.13% improvement. The CTFC values (frame/s) measured before and after treatment at the left anterior descending coronary artery, left circumflex artery, and right coronary artery were, respectively, 48.00 ± 13.32 and 41.80 ± 15.38, 59.00 ± 4.69 and 50.00 ± 9.04, and 51.90 ± 8.40 and 40.09 ± 10.46, giving 12.92%, 15.25%, and 22.76% improvements, respectively. The CTFC values of vessels with slow flow before treatment were significantly decreased after treatment (P<0.05). There were no apparent changes in the heart rate, blood pressure, or liver or kidney function of CSF patients after treatment with STDP (all P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The immediate effect of STDP in treating CSF patients was apparent. This medication could significantly improve coronary flow without affecting blood pressure or heart rate. Our findings support the potential of Chinese medicine to treat ischemic chest pain.
Blood Pressure ; drug effects ; Coronary Circulation ; drug effects ; physiology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Heart Rate ; drug effects ; Humans ; Kidney ; drug effects ; physiopathology ; Liver ; drug effects ; physiopathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; No-Reflow Phenomenon ; drug therapy ; physiopathology

OBJECTIVETo compare the effects between slow twisting needle insertion and tubing needle insertion.

METHODSWith cross-over design, 100 healthy young subjects (half male and half female) aged from 19 to 23 years were randomly divided into two groups by random digital table, 50 cases in each one. At the first stage, subjects in the group A were treated with slow twisting needle insertion while, subjects in,the group B were treated with tubing needle insertion. One week later, the procedure of second stage was performed alternately. The needle was inserted into Neiguan (PC 6) with two methods by one acupuncturist. The needle was retained for 5 min before removal. Five min before needle insertion as well as needle withdrawal and 30 min after needle withdrawal, ZXG-E automatic cardiovascular diagnostic apparatus was used to test cardiovascular function.

RESULTSAt the tim of needle withdrawal, slow twisting needle insertion could improve effect work of kinetics (EWK), effective blood volume (BV) and reduce elastic expansion coefficient of blood vessel (FEK) and left ventricular spray blood impedance (VER), which was significantly different from tubing needle insertion (all P < 0.05). Thirty min after needle withdrawal, the differences of the indices of cardiovascular function between the two groups were not significant (all P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe slow twisting needle insertion is significantly superior to tubing needle insertion on lowering vascular tension and VER, improving EWK and BV.

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; instrumentation ; methods ; Blood Circulation ; Blood Volume ; Coronary Vessels ; physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Needles ; Ventricular Function ; Young Adult

BACKGROUNDCerebral hyperperfusion syndrome is an important complication of carotid endarterectomy (CEA). An >100% increase in middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAV) after CEA is used to predict the cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome (CHS) development, but the accuracy is limited. The increase in blood pressure (BP) after surgery is a risk factor of CHS, but no study uses it to predict CHS. This study was to create a more precise parameter for prediction of CHS by combined the increase of MCAV and BP after CEA.

METHODSSystolic MCAV measured by transcranial Doppler and systematic BP were recorded preoperatively; 30 min postoperatively. The new parameter velocity BP index (VBI) was calculated from the postoperative increase ratios of MCAV and BP. The prediction powers of VBI and the increase ratio of MCAV (velocity ratio [VR]) were compared for predicting CHS occurrence.

RESULTSTotally, 6/185 cases suffered CHS. The best-fit cut-off point of 2.0 for VBI was identified, which had 83.3% sensitivity, 98.3% specificity, 62.5% positive predictive value and 99.4% negative predictive value for CHS development. This result is significantly better than VR (33.3%, 97.2%, 28.6% and 97.8%). The area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic: AUC(VBI) = 0.981, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.949-0.995; AUC(VR) = 0.935, 95% CI 0.890-0.966, P = 0.02.

CONCLUSIONSThe new parameter VBI can more accurately predict patients at risk of CHS after CEA. This observation needs to be validated by larger studies.

Aged ; Blood Pressure ; physiology ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; physiology ; Cerebrovascular Disorders ; physiopathology ; Endarterectomy, Carotid ; Female ; Hemodynamics ; physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies

OBJECTIVEFrom the point of holistic integrative medicine, the D(L)CO depends on not only normal respiratory and circulatory functions, but also an optional matching between them. However, due to the limitation of traditional systemic physiology, the D(L)CO always be classified as lung functional parameter to be analyzed and interpreted. Because ignoring the circulatory system function, so it will certainly have some misunderstandings.

METHODSBased on the Holistic Integrative Medicine, under the control of neurohumoral, respiratory, circulatory and metabolic systems work together, we discussed the diffusion function. We analyzed the change of D(L)CO in the patients with cardiac dysfunction, especially the heart failure.

RESULTSThe D(L)CO, CO gas,diffusion from lung circulating blood, depends on the normality of respiratory and circulatory systems and their matching. We analyzed the reasons of D(L)CO for characteristic pathophysiological changes of patients with heart failure.

CONCLUSIONThe normal D(L)CO depends on a good matching of normal respiratory and circulatory systems. For heart failure, the respiratory and circulatory systems matching is poor. Due to dominant limitation of left ventricle pump function, pulmonary blood volume may slightly increased, but combination of all reduced pulmonary blood flow rate, thicked diffuse member and increased diffusion distance etc. suggest that patients with heart failure should have a decreased, rather than increased, D(L)CO.

Blood Gas Analysis ; Blood Volume ; Heart Failure ; Humans ; Lung ; physiology ; Pulmonary Circulation ; Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity ; Respiratory Function Tests ; Ventricular Function, Left

OBJECTIVESystemic mechanism of neurohumoral control and regulation for human is limited.

METHODSWe used the new theory of holistic integrative physiology and medicine to approach the mechanism and pattern of neurohumoral control and regulation for life.

RESULTSAs the core of human life, there are two core axes of functions. The first one is the common goal of respiration and circulation to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide for cells, and the second one is the goal of gastrointestinal tract and circulation to transport energy material and metabolic product for cells. These two core axes maintain the metabolism. The neurohumoral regulation is holistically integrated and unified for all functions in human body. We simplified explain the mechanism of neurohumoral control and regulation life (respiration and circulation) as the example pattern of sound system.

CONCLUSIONBased upon integrated regulation of life, we described the neurohumoral pattern to control respiration and circulation.

Blood Circulation ; physiology ; Holistic Health ; Humans ; Integrative Medicine ; Metabolism ; physiology ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; physiology ; Respiration ; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena

OBJECTIVEThe interpretation of control and regulation of circulatory parameters in traditional physiology has some limitations. Human being is an organic, circulatory control and regulation should involve all the systems.

METHODSBased upon the theory of holistic integrative physiology and medicine, we approach to explain the circulatory control and regulation from its purpose.

RESULTSThe main purpose of circulation is to maintain a stable metabolism of cells, i.e. transport oxygen (from lung) and nutrients (from gastrointestinal tract) to cells, and return carbon dioxide and metabolic products back for elimination. Based on this goal, all respiration and gastrointestinal digestion, absorption, urinary excretion, etc. are integrative together for regulation to maintain the supply-demand balance at any metabolic status of resting, exercise and sleep. So that, we can explain many existing problems and questions, for example: why and how the foramen ovale closed after birth; mechanism of Cheyne-Stokes respiration; blood flow redistribution during exercise; variabilities of systolic blood pressure, heart rate and autonomic tone.

CONCLUSIONThe circulatory control and regulation is the integration of all systems of the body.

Blood Circulation ; physiology ; Holistic Health ; Humans ; Integrative Medicine

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of occlusal reconstruction on blood flow velocity and cerebral oxygen saturation in patients with malocclusion.

METHODSThirty-three patients with malocclusion treated with occlusal reconstruction in Department of Stomatology, Medical School of Huzhou Normal College from Feb 2011 to Oct 2013 were enrolled in the study. The systolic peak flow velocity (vs), end-diastolic peak flow (vd) , mean peak flow velocity (vm) of middle cerebral artery and the oxygen saturation (rScO2) in the brain were detected at rest or chewing status by using transcranial Doppler color ultrasonography and near-infrared spectroscopy, respectively.

RESULTSIn rest state, vm was significantly increased on 3 months after treatment, while vs and vd were significantly increased on 6 months after treatment and rScO2 were increased on 12 months after treatment (P<0.05). In chewing state, vs, vm, and rScO2 were increased on 3 months after treatment, and vd was increased on 6 months after treatment (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONOcclusal reconstruction can increase blood flow velocity of middle cerebral artery and cerebral oxygen saturation and improve oxygen supply of the brain in patients with malocclusion.

Blood Flow Velocity ; Brain ; blood supply ; physiology ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Humans ; Malocclusion ; surgery ; Oxygen ; physiology ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial

Blood Circulation ; drug effects ; physiology ; Diabetic Angiopathies ; therapy ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional