Traditional treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus （T1DM） primarily involves insulin replacement， yet some patients encounter issues such as significant blood glucose fluctuations， high risk of hypoglycemia， and weight gain. In recent years， the adjuvant therapeutic role of non-insulin hypoglycemic drugs in T1DM has gradually gained attention. This article reviews the mechanisms of action and clinical research progress of five types of non-insulin hypoglycemic drugs in the treatment of T1DM： amylin analogues （pramlintide）， biguanides （metformin）， sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor， dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor， and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist. It is found that these drugs can enhance clinical benefits for T1DM patients by improving insulin sensitivity， delaying gastric emptying， promoting urinary glucose excretion， and regulating incretin levels， thereby reducing glycated hemoglobin levels， decreasing insulin dosage， and managing body weight. Simultaneously， these drugs also present limitations such as low patient compliance due to complex dosing regimens， increased risk of diabetic ketoacidosis， and heterogeneity in glycemic control. Future research could focus on developing individualized treatment strategies， combining pharmacogenomics with novel biomarkers to precisely identify subpopulations of patients who may benefit， and delving into the potential value of these drugs in delaying diabetic vascular complications and improving patients’ quality of life.

【Objective】 To provide data reference for the implementation of the homogenization of pre-donation blood testing by investigating the relevant situation of pre-donation blood testing in various blood services in Chongqing and analyzing their differences. 【Methods】 A questionnaire covering the basic information of pre-donation blood testing items, quality control and the management of deferral donors was developed, and issued to 19 blood services in Chongqing through E-mails by Chongqing Society of Blood Transfusion. The data collected were sorted, revised and analyzed. 【Results】 A total of 19 questionnaires from 19 blood services(including 1 blood center, 1 sub-center, 6 central blood stations and 11 central blood banks) were collected. All of the pre-donation blood test items of 19 blood services met the Blood Donor Health Test Requirements. Hemoglobin, blood group, ALT and HBsAg testing were carried out by 19 blood services, anti-TP testing by 15, and lipid blood testing by 11, using different detection methods and reagents. Significant differences were found in the frequency and rules of internal quality control for quantitative testing items. In addition, the deferral time and re-recruitment strategy of deferral blood donors were also significantly different. 【Conclusion】 There were differences in the management of pre-donation blood testing and blood donor management after blood donation among blood services in Chongqing. Further standardization was needed to realize regional homogenization and guarantee blood safety and the safety of blood donors.

Chemotherapeutic regimens based on fluoropyrimidines such as 5-fluorouracil, capecitabine,and tegafur,gimeracil and oteracil potassium(S1)are widely used in a variety of solid tumor therapy. Cancer patients are high-risk persons of thrombosis and anticoagulant therapy is recommended for patients with thrombosis or with risk factors of thrombosis. At present,warfarin is the widely used oral anticoagulant. There are drug interactions when 5-fluorouracil, capecitabine, and S1 are given in combination with warfarin and it may lead to elevated international normalized ratio and symptoms of bleeding. Most patients could recover after warfarin withdrawal,dosage reducing,and replacement with low-molecular heparin. However, a few patients may require blood transfusion. The mechanism of drug interactions due to concomitant use of fluoropyrimidines and warfarin remains unclear and may be related to inhibiting activity of metabolic enzyme of warfarin-hepatic cytochrome P450 1C9 by 5-fluorouracil or its metabolites.

Chemotherapeutic regimens based on fluoropyrimidines such as 5-fluorouracil, capecitabine,and tegafur,gimeracil and oteracil potassium(S1)are widely used in a variety of solid tumor therapy. Cancer patients are high-risk persons of thrombosis and anticoagulant therapy is recommended for patients with thrombosis or with risk factors of thrombosis. At present,warfarin is the widely used oral anticoagulant. There are drug interactions when 5-fluorouracil, capecitabine, and S1 are given in combination with warfarin and it may lead to elevated international normalized ratio and symptoms of bleeding. Most patients could recover after warfarin withdrawal,dosage reducing,and replacement with low-molecular heparin. However, a few patients may require blood transfusion. The mechanism of drug interactions due to concomitant use of fluoropyrimidines and warfarin remains unclear and may be related to inhibiting activity of metabolic enzyme of warfarin-hepatic cytochrome P450 1C9 by 5-fluorouracil or its metabolites.