The TGF-β signaling pathway affects various biological processes of cancers, including proliferation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and immune escape. Currently, multiple drugs targeting this pathway are in clinical trial stage, which involve three aspects of TGF-β, namely, production, activation, and signal transduction. Based on current evidence, the therapeutic effect of TGF-β monotherapy on advanced solid tumors is limited. Combination therapies that show promising results include combination with PD-1 antibodies, and combination with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. New combination therapies, such as CAR-T therapy modified with TGF-βRII, are also emerging in clinical research. This article systematically reviews the therapeutic strategies targeting TGF-β to provide research basis and ideas for the development of drugs targeting the TGF-β pathway.

Complex coagulation disorders are observed in patients with liver failure, and currently there is no comprehensive evaluation system to assess the risk of bleeding and thrombosis in such patients. This article summarizes the application of routine coagulation test and the hot techniques for coagulation assessment such as viscoelasticity test and thrombin generation analysis in patients with liver failure. The analysis shows that a single method has poor accuracy in evaluating the risk of bleeding and thrombosis and further exploration of a more accurate and effective assessment method should comprehensively consider the factors such as coagulation and anticoagulation factors, fibrinolytic system, platelet function, and systemic status of patients with liver failure, with reference to emerging coagulation process measurement techniques.