On December 10, 2025, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network(NCCN) released the Esophageal and Esophagogastric Junction Cancers Clinical Practice Guidelines (Version 1.2026). This article provides an in-depth interpretation of the key updates in the guidelines, with a focus on the following critical areas: the inclusion of distress assessment as an integral component of the diagnostic and treatment workflow, the quantification of tumor infiltration depth for T1b stage disease, the elevation of the FLOT regimen to a Category 1 preferred recommendation for perioperative systemic therapy for esophageal adenocarcinoma, the strengthening of the recommendation for minimally invasive esophagectomy, and the standardization of the nomenclature and testing methodologies for biomarkers including human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. By systematically analyzing these key updates, this review aims to provide a practical reference for standardized clinical diagnosis and treatment of esophageal cancer in China.

Allergen specific immunotherapy（AIT）, as an effective treatment for allergic rhinitis, asthma, and other allergic diseases, has received widespread attention in the field of health economic evaluation in recent years. This article reviews the current status and progress of economic research on AIT, mainly discussing the socioeconomic burden of allergic rhinitis, the results of health economic studies from different countries, and the primary methods used in health economic research on allergic rhinitis. Existing studies indicate that, although AIT involves high initial costs, it offers significant long-term economic benefits by reducing healthcare resource utilization, improving patient quality of life, and decreasing medication dependence. Moreover, reducing initial costs, applying standardized assessment tools, and conducting cross-national comparative analyses have become key directions for future research. Overall, AIT demonstrates strong potential in terms of long-term health benefits and cost savings, providing solid economic evidence for the management of allergic diseases.
Humans ; Desensitization, Immunologic/economics* ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Rhinitis, Allergic/economics* ; Economics, Medical

Objective:To survey the knowledge levels of sudden cardiac death (SCD) prevention among general practitioners (GPs) in Henan province.Methods:From October to November 2019, a questionnaire survey on the knowledge of SCD prevention and treatment was conducted among GP residents participating in the standardized training and assistant GPs taking final examination after training in Henan province. The questionnaire included three dimensions of SCD knowledge: prevention, early diagnosis and first aid. The factors influencing the knowledge levels on SCD prevention were analyzed.Results:A total of 546 questionnaires were distributed and 519 responders (95.1%) completed the questionnaire, including 176 GP residencies and 343 assistant GPs. The age of the respondents was 22-44 (27.91±2.84) years, 234 (45.1%) were males and 285 were females. The overall correct rate of SCD prevention and treatment was (61.46±12.39) %, and the correct rates of prevention, early diagnosis and first aid knowledge were (65.22±17.88)%, (56.58±20.20)% and (62.57±14.60)%, respectively. The overall correct rate and the correct rates of SCD prevention and treatment knowledge among GP residents were higher than those among assistant GPs ( t=10.55, 9.20, 8.62, 3.42, P<0.001); the overall correct rates and the correct rates of SCD first aid knowledge of female GPs were higher than those of males ( t=2.26, 2.13, P=0.025, 0.033); the overall correct rate and the correct rates of each dimensions in age group ≥28 years were higher than those in age group <28 years ( t=4.21, 3.37, 3.20, 2.00, P<0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that compared to GP residents,the assistant GPs was the factor influencing the lower levels of the overall knowledge ( OR=0.24, 95 %CI:0.16-0.38, P<0.001), knowledge of prevention ( OR=0.19, 95 %CI:0.10-0.32, P<0.001) and knowledge of early diagnosis ( OR=0.35, 95 %CI: 0.23-0.52, P<0.001);compared to male responders,the females had significantly higher pass rate in SCD first aid knowledge ( OR=1.56, 95 %CI:1.07-2.28, P=0.020). Conclusions:The SCD knowledge levels of the prevention, early diagnosis, and emergency treatment are less satisfactory among GPs in Henan province; it is necessity for targeted training on the weak points of SCD knowledge for GPs.

Objective:To study the effects of cisapride on digestive symptoms and gastrointestinal hormones in elderly peritoneal dialysis patients.Methods:Forty-two elderly patients with renal failure undergoing peritoneal dialysis in our hospital from July 2017 to December 2017 were randomly selected as the study group.Meanwhile, 20 healthy elderly people in the corresponding time period were selected as the control group.Control group received continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis(CAPD)and other conventional basic therapy, and study group received cisapride as add-on therapy to treatment for control group.Serum levels of somatostatin(SS), motilin(MOT)and vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP)were compared between the two groups.Gastrointestinal symptoms, serum levels of gastrointestinal hormones and biochemical indexes were compared before and after treatment in the study group.Results:The score of acid reflux, nausea, abdominal distension, belching and constipation were lower in the study group after treatment than before treatment( t=4.42, 4.32, 6.80, 6.29 and 6.76, all P=0.00). Before treatment, levels of MOT, SS and VIP were higher in the study group than in the control group[(636.65±32.02)pmol/L vs.(228.47±28.74)pmol/L, (64.02±16.32)mg/L vs.(42.38±6.42)mg/L, (118.64±17.68)ng/L vs.(58.62±11.63)ng/L, t=48.44, 7.47 and 15.93, all P=0.00]. The level of MOT was lower after than before treatment[(385.36±19.64)pmol/L vs.(636.65±32.02)pmol/L, t=43.36, P=0.00], and the levels of SS and VIP had no significant difference before versus after treatment( t=-0.11 and -0.42, P=0.91 and 0.68). After treatment, the level of MOT was still higher in the study group than in the control group[(385.36 ±19.64)pmol/L vs.(228.47 ±28.74)pmol/L, t=22.08, P=0.00]. There was no significant difference in blood urea nitrogen(BUN), creatinine, haemoglobin and kt/v levels between before and after treatment( P>0.05). The level of albumin(ALB)was higher after than before treatment[(38.60±1.89)g/L vs.(37.71±1.96)g/L, t=2.12, P=0.04]. Conclusions:Gastrointestinal symptoms are common in elderly patients with peritoneal dialysis, and the accumulation of gastrointestinal hormones is obvious, which leads to gastrointestinal dysfunction.The conventional treatment in combination with cisapride can improve gastrointestinal symptoms and reduce serum MOT level in these patients.

Objective To study the effects of cisapride on symptoms of digestive and gastrointestinal hormones in chronic renal failure patients.Methods There were 46 cases of chronic renal failure patients in this paper,all patients were given routine treatment of the underlying disease and were randomly divided into two groups.23 patients were additionally treated with cisapride as research group,and the others as control group.The gastrointestinal symptoms,serum somatostatin (SS),motilin (MOT) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and other gastrointestinal hormones and renal function in two groups of patients were compared before and after treatment.Results The score of acid reflux,nausea,vomiting,abdominal distension,belching and other symptoms of hard feces and other gastrointestinal after treatment were significantly lower than that before treatment in research group and after treatment in control group (all P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant change between before and after treatment in SS and VIP of two group (all P ＞ 0.05),and MOT in control group (P ＞0.05),but the MOT in research group was decreased significantly(P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in Scr,Ccr and BUN between the control and research group after treatment (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Conventional treatment combined with cisapride can improve the effect of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with chronic renal failure,while reducing serum motilin level.

Objective To observe the effect of ultra-low frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation on cerebral blood flow in children with spastic diplegia cerebral palsy. Methods 36 cases of spastic diplegia cerebral palsy were divided into control group (n=21) and obsevation group (n=15), 19 healthy children were as normal group. The control group received conventional rehabilitation training. The obsevation group received the ultra-low frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation in addition. All the children received the check of transcranial color Doppler (TCD). Results Several arterials flow velocity was lower, several arterials pulsatility index and resistance index were higher in the obsevation group than in the normal group before treatment (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the arterial flow of obsevation group improved, pulsatility index and resistance index decreased in some degrees in the obsevation group after treatment (P<0.05). Conclusion The cerebral blood flow is of low velocity and high resistance in spastic diplegia children, while ultra-low frequency magnetic stimulation could improve the condition of cerebral flow.