Adenosine,as a purine nucleoside widely present in living organisms,plays an impor-tant role in such physiological and pathological processes as vasodilation,inflammation regulation,fibrosis,and viral infection.Research has found that in pulmonary hypertension,adenosine acts as a vasodilator through multiple targets.In diseases such as mycoplasma pneumonia,asthma,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,adenosine primarily mediates the progression of inflammation through interactions with adenosine A2A and A2B receptors,thus delivering a dual regulatory effect.This suggests that modulating adenosine receptors is a potential key target for the treatment of pulmonary diseases.Adenosine derivatives-such as acyclovir monophosphate,which has antiviral effects,cyclic adenosine monophosphate,which can alleviate airway narrowing,and N-6-methyladenosine,which is involved in regulating cilia homeostasis and anti-pulmonary fibrosis-are closely related to the occurrence and development of pulmonary diseases.Targeting the adenosine A2A receptor or antagonizing the adenosine A2B receptor can precisely intervene in specific pulmo-nary diseases.Combination medications,regulation of adenosine metabolic pathways,and gene editing technologies promise new treatments.This article reviews the role of adenosine,its receptors,and derivatives in the development of pulmonary diseases in the hopes of providing evidence for related treatment.

Adenosine,as a purine nucleoside widely present in living organisms,plays an impor-tant role in such physiological and pathological processes as vasodilation,inflammation regulation,fibrosis,and viral infection.Research has found that in pulmonary hypertension,adenosine acts as a vasodilator through multiple targets.In diseases such as mycoplasma pneumonia,asthma,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,adenosine primarily mediates the progression of inflammation through interactions with adenosine A2A and A2B receptors,thus delivering a dual regulatory effect.This suggests that modulating adenosine receptors is a potential key target for the treatment of pulmonary diseases.Adenosine derivatives-such as acyclovir monophosphate,which has antiviral effects,cyclic adenosine monophosphate,which can alleviate airway narrowing,and N-6-methyladenosine,which is involved in regulating cilia homeostasis and anti-pulmonary fibrosis-are closely related to the occurrence and development of pulmonary diseases.Targeting the adenosine A2A receptor or antagonizing the adenosine A2B receptor can precisely intervene in specific pulmo-nary diseases.Combination medications,regulation of adenosine metabolic pathways,and gene editing technologies promise new treatments.This article reviews the role of adenosine,its receptors,and derivatives in the development of pulmonary diseases in the hopes of providing evidence for related treatment.