Myelin is an essential structure that facilitates rapid saltatory conduction in the nervous system. Discrepancies in myelin microstructure are a hallmark of numerous neurological disorders, rendering the assessment of myelin integrity and content an indispensable tool in clinical diagnostics and neuroscience research. Extensive research has been dedicated to scrutinizing its biochemical makeup and morphology under normal, pathological, and experimental conditions over the years. In this review, we present an updated summary of the myelin sheath's structure, composition, and developmental trajectory. We systematically enumerate and contrast eight prevalent myelin staining techniques across dimensions of sensitivity, specificity, and resolution, delving into their underlying staining principles. With an initial application of myelin histology on the mouse demyelination model, our review accentuates the accurate delineation of myelination and the microstructural analysis of the myelin sheath. Such insights are anticipated to significantly contribute to the evaluation and understanding of white matter pathologies.
Myelin Sheath/metabolism* ; Animals ; Humans ; Demyelinating Diseases/pathology* ; Staining and Labeling/methods*

OBJECTIVE: Therapeutic angiogenesis has become a promising approach for treating ischemic heart disease (IHD). The present study aims to investigate the effects of Qishen Granule (QSG) on angiogenesis in myocardial ischemia (MI) and the potential mechanism. METHODS: In vivo study was conducted on rat model of myocardial infarction. QSG was performed daily at a dose of 2.352 g/kg for four weeks. Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiogram and pro-angiogenic effects were evaluated by Laser Doppler and CD31 expression. Oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) was applied in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Cell viability, wound healing and tube formation assay were used to test functions of HUVECs. ELISA and Western blots were used to assess protein expressions of bone morphogenetic protein 2-delta-like 4-notch homolog 1 (BMP2-Dll4-Notch1) signaling pathway. RESULTS: The results showed that QSG improved heart function, cardiac blood flow and microvessel density in myocardial ischemic rats. In vitro, QSG protected HUVECs by promoting the cell viability and tube formation. QSG upregulated bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) and downregulated delta-like 4 (Dll4) and notch homolog 1 (Notch1) expressions both in rats and HUVECs. CONCLUSION QSG protected against MI by promoting angiogenesis through BMP2-Dll4-Notch1 pathway. BMP2 might be a promising therapeutic target for IHD.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical value of lymph node dissection (LND) for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) after surgical resection.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted on the clinical data of 156 patients who underwent surgery for ICC in Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital of Naval Military Medical University from November 2010 to December 2017, including 94 males and 62 females, aged (60.0±9.5) years. Curative surgery was performed in 114 cases. Of 64 cases were in stage Ⅰ according to American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC), including 38 cases of non-lymph node dissection (NLND) and 26 cases of LND; 21 cases were in AJCC stage Ⅱ, including 11 cases of NLND and 10 cases of LND; 22 cases were in AJCC stage Ⅲb, including 14 cases of LND and 8 cases of lymph node resection (LNR); 5 cases were in AJCC stage Ⅲa, 2 cases were in AJCC stage Ⅳ. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis were used for the risk factors of ICC prognosis. The log-rank test compared the survival rates of the two groups.Results:Cox multivariate analysis indicated that lymph node metastasis was independent risk factors for prognosis in patients with ICC ( HR=1.96, 95% CI: 1.09-3.55, P=0.026). A total of 114 patients were included in the curative surgery group. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates of the negative lymph node group ( n=91) were 65.9%, 47.3% and 35.6%, respectively, which were significantly better than those of the positive lymph node group ( n=23) who had 1-, 3-, 5-year OS rates of 56.5%, 17.7% and 0, respectively (χ 2=8.11, P=0.004 ). In stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ patients, there were no significant differences in 1-, 3-, 5-year OS rates between the NLND group and the LND group (both P>0.05 ). In stage Ⅲb patients, the LND group had 1-, 3-, 5-year OS rates of 71.4%, 29.8% and 0, respectively, significantly better than those of the LNR group who had 1-, 3-, 5-year OS rates of 37.5%, 0 and 0, respectively (χ 2=6.45, P=0.011). Conclusions:Lymph node metastasis is an independent risk factor affecting the prognosis of ICC. Lymph node dissection should be performed cautiously in ICC with AJCC stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ, while routine lymph node dissection is recommended in ICC with AJCC stage Ⅲb.

3' Untranslated Regions ; Animals ; Biomarkers ; metabolism ; Cell Proliferation ; Cell Survival ; Embryonic Stem Cells ; cytology ; metabolism ; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ; cytology ; metabolism ; Mice ; Swine ; Transcription Factors ; genetics ; metabolism

Objective To evaluate embedding 5-FU microparticles during operation after hepatectomy for small hepatocellular carcinoma to prevent recurrence. Methods A retrospective analysis on 184 patients was done.All patients received liver resection for HCC from 2007 Mar.to 2008 Mar.In 90 cases,5-FU releasing microparticles were embeded on liver cutting surface after the tumor was resected (group A).94 cases in which no micropaticles were given served as controls (group B).All patients had a single tumor( ≤5 cm) without visible vessel invasion. Results The postoperative disease-free survival ( DFS),and median period of DFS of group A vs.group B was 43 months vs 35 months.Postoperative DFS rates of 1-,2-and 3-year were 86％,76％ ％ and 64％ respectively in A group,while they were 77％,61％and 49％ respectively in B group ( x2 =4.77,P ＜ 0.05 ).In two groups the liver and kidney main function index( TB,ALB,ALT,BUN,Scr)on day 7 and postoperative complications were not statistically different (P ＞ 0.05 ). Conclusions Embeding 5-FU microparticle after hepatectomy for HCC could increase the postoperative DFS rates,and patients do not suffer from significant liver and kidney malfunctions.

Objective To investigate the clinical outcome of arthroscopic percutaneous cannulated screw fixation with subtalar fusion in the treatment of post-traumatic subtalar arthritis. Methods The study involved 12 patients (five males and seven females) with severe post-traumatic subtalar arthritis admitted to our hospital from April 2006 to December 2009. The patients were at age range of 28-68 years ( mean 45.6 years). All patients had the history of conservative treatment but failed in pain alleviation.Then, the percutaneous cannulated screw fixation plus subtalar fusion was selected. The ande and hind foot of all patients were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively by the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scoring system. Imaging assessment was carried out by X-ray examination.Results The patients were followed up for mean 21.2 months (range 6-48 months), which showed thatthe mean AOFAS ankle-hindfoot scale was increased from (54.67 ± 5.28 ) points (range 43-61 points)preoperatively to (89.17 ±3.56) points (range 78-95 points) at final follow-up, with excellence rate of 93%. Eleven patients got good fusion with the mean time of 12.4 weeks (range 9-15 weeks). Only one patient had nonunion, with the pain in the lateral malleolus. The subtalar joint of the patient got union after plaster immobilization for three months, which was proved by X-ray examination. Conclusions The arthroscopic percutaneous cannulated screw fixation and subtalar fusion can acquire good clinical outcomes and hence is a recommended procedure for post-traumatic subtalar arthritis.

Objective To analyze regional left ventricular systolic function before and after percutaneous translumial coronary angioplasty(PTCA),quantitative tissue velocity imaging(QTVI)was used tO detect wall motion of left ventricule.Methods 20 patients with isolated left anterior descending coronary artery(LAD)stenosis(≥70%)and 16 normal control subjects were included in this study.QTVI was performed one day before PTCA+stent,a week and a month after successful PTCA+stent.Peak systolic myocardial velocity(Vs)were measured with QTVI at different wall segments(basal and medial segments).Results Before PTCA+stent,Vs of all segments assigned by LAD were significantly lower than those of corresponding segments in normal subjects(P＜0.01).After PTCA+stent,the above segments showed a significant improvement of Vs in a week and a month(P＜0.01).Conclusion QTVI can quantitively detect changes of myocardiac motion and real-time quantify regional left ventricular systolic function before and after PTCA.