With the rapid development and application of cutting-edge neurotechnology， the ethical issues of brain data have become a research hotspot. Brain data， which directly accesses humans’ thoughts and the “loss of control” state under intentional control， deconstructs the subjects’ exclusive right to access their own brain， thereby comprehensively challenging human privacy. The subjects cannot fully control which brain activity signals are collected， and the decoded results of brain data violate the subjects’ autonomy while applying brain data to unknown purposes， posing challenges to informed consent. Brain data describes who you are from a “super first-person” perspective， and it can even “forge” a real first-person perspective to describe who you are. The external presentation of brain data analysis results involves ethical issues in three dimensions， namely， what should be presented， how others treat the analysis results of brain data， and the ethical risks brought about by presenting information in brain data. The governance strategies on the ethical issues of brain data require improving the relevant laws of brain data supervision， refining the ethical principles for brain data applications， leveraging the leading role of the government， and strengthening international cooperation.

Objective:To investigate the treatment and prognosis of esophageal cancer patients with pulmonary resection history.Methods:The retrospective and descriptive study was conducted. The clinicopathological data of 58 esophageal cancer patients with pulmonary resection history who were admitted to Chest Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine and Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital from May 2019 to April 2024 were collected. There were 52 males and 6 females, aged (69±3)years. Observation indicators: (1) surgical and postopera-tive conditions; (2) postoperative pathological examination results; (3) follow-up; (4) stratified analysis. Comparison of measurement data with normal distribution between groups was conducted using the independent sample t test. Comparison of count data between groups was conducted using the chi-square test or Fisher exact probability. Comparison of ordinal data between groups was conducted using the non-parametric rank sum test. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to plot survival curve and calculate survival rate, and the Log-rank test was used for survival analysis. Results:(1) Surgical and postoperative conditions. Of the 58 esophageal cancer patients, 49 patients underwent transthoracic approach (26 cases of ipsilateral approach and 23 cases of contralateral approach of pulmonary resection history), and 9 patients underwent mediastinoscopic-laparoscopic approach. There were 57 cases with R 0 resection and 1 case with R 2 resection because of tumor invading carina. The total operation time of 58 patients was (246±27)minutes, and the volume of intraoperative blood loss was (114±29)mL. There was no unplanned reoperation or perioperative death for all patients. The duration of postoperative hospital stay of 58 patients was (10.4±4.6)days, and time for intensive care unit stay was (1.4±0.5)days, and no patient readmitted to intensive care unit due to changes in conditions. The postoperative total incidence of complications of 58 patients was 41.4%(24/58). The Clavien-Dindo grading of complications for all patients was 1-2 grade. (2) Postoperative pathological examination results. Results of postoperative pathological examination showed there were 51 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 6 cases of adenocarcinoma, and 1 case of melanoma. Number of lymph node dissected of 58 patients was 27±6. The ratio of patient with positive lymph node was 37.9%(22/58). One patient may experience more than 1 region of positive lymph node metastasis. Results of postoperative pathological staging showed 5 cases of ⅠA stage, 2 cases of ⅠB stage, 13 cases of ⅡA stage, 15 cases of ⅡB stage, 4 cases of ⅢA stage, 16 cases of ⅢB stage, and 3 cases of ⅣA stage. Thirteen of the 58 patients underwent neoadjuvant therapy, with the pathological staging as 6 cases of Ⅰ stage, 4 cases of Ⅱ stage, 3 cases of ⅢB stage after therapy. Results of postoperative tumor regression grade for the 13 patients with neoadjuvant therapy showed 4 cases of grad 0, 3 cases of grade 1, 6 cases of grade 2. (3) Follow-up. All 58 patients were followed for 24 (4, 50)months, and no patient died within 90 days after surgery. During the follow-up period, 19 patients experienced tumor recurrence and metastasis and 17 patients died. Twenty-one patients underwent postoperative adjuvant therapy, including 7 cases with chemoradiotherapy, 7 cases with chemotherapy, 3 cases with chemotherapy and immunotherapy, 2 cases with immuno-therapy, 2 cases with radiotherapy. The postoperative 1-, 2-year overall survival rates of the 58 patients were 91.3%, 78.7%, respectively, of whom undergoing McKeown surgery and mediastinoscopic-laparoscopic surgery with postoperative 1-, 2-year overall survival rates as 89.2%, 83.1% and 85.7%, 53.6%, respectively. The postoperative 1-, 2-year esophageal cancer specific survival rates for patients undergoing McKeown surgery and mediastinoscopic-laparoscopic surgery were 94.4%, 87.9% and 85.7%, 71.4%, respectively. There was no significant difference in postoperative 1-, 2-year overall survival rates and postoperative 1-, 2-year esophageal cancer specific survival rates between patients undergoing McKeown surgery and mediastinoscopic-laparoscopic surgery ( P>0.05). (4) Stratified analysis. Of the 49 patients underwent transthoracic approach for esophageal cancer, there were significant differences in surgical method, surgical type, time of chest surgery, cases with upper mediastinal lymph node dissection, and duration of postoperative hospital stay between patients with pulmonary resection history as ipsilateral approach and contralateral approach ( χ2=11.74, 11.68, t=-2.25, χ2=8.45, t=-2.17, P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in total operation time, volume of intraoperative blood loss, the number of lymph node dissected, post-operative total complications, and postoperative pathological TNM staging ( P>0.05). For patients with pulmonary resection history as ipsilateral approach and contralateral approach, the postopera-tive 1-, 2-year esophageal cancer specific survival rates were 95.5%, 95.5% and 81.4%, 71.1%, showing a significant difference between them ( χ2=5.63, P<0.05). Conclusions:The transthoracic approach and mediastinoscopic-laparoscopic approach are safe and feasible for esophageal cancer patients with pulmonary resection history. Compared with patients with pulmonary resection history as contralateral approach, patients with pulmonary resection history as ipsilateral approach have a higher ratio of McKeown surgery, minimally invasive surgery and upper mediastinal lymph node dissection, shorter time of chest surgery and duration of postoperative hospital stay, better esophageal cancer specific survival rate. And there is no increase in perioperative risk.

Objective:To investigate the treatment and prognosis of esophageal cancer patients with pulmonary resection history.Methods:The retrospective and descriptive study was conducted. The clinicopathological data of 58 esophageal cancer patients with pulmonary resection history who were admitted to Chest Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine and Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital from May 2019 to April 2024 were collected. There were 52 males and 6 females, aged (69±3)years. Observation indicators: (1) surgical and postopera-tive conditions; (2) postoperative pathological examination results; (3) follow-up; (4) stratified analysis. Comparison of measurement data with normal distribution between groups was conducted using the independent sample t test. Comparison of count data between groups was conducted using the chi-square test or Fisher exact probability. Comparison of ordinal data between groups was conducted using the non-parametric rank sum test. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to plot survival curve and calculate survival rate, and the Log-rank test was used for survival analysis. Results:(1) Surgical and postoperative conditions. Of the 58 esophageal cancer patients, 49 patients underwent transthoracic approach (26 cases of ipsilateral approach and 23 cases of contralateral approach of pulmonary resection history), and 9 patients underwent mediastinoscopic-laparoscopic approach. There were 57 cases with R 0 resection and 1 case with R 2 resection because of tumor invading carina. The total operation time of 58 patients was (246±27)minutes, and the volume of intraoperative blood loss was (114±29)mL. There was no unplanned reoperation or perioperative death for all patients. The duration of postoperative hospital stay of 58 patients was (10.4±4.6)days, and time for intensive care unit stay was (1.4±0.5)days, and no patient readmitted to intensive care unit due to changes in conditions. The postoperative total incidence of complications of 58 patients was 41.4%(24/58). The Clavien-Dindo grading of complications for all patients was 1-2 grade. (2) Postoperative pathological examination results. Results of postoperative pathological examination showed there were 51 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 6 cases of adenocarcinoma, and 1 case of melanoma. Number of lymph node dissected of 58 patients was 27±6. The ratio of patient with positive lymph node was 37.9%(22/58). One patient may experience more than 1 region of positive lymph node metastasis. Results of postoperative pathological staging showed 5 cases of ⅠA stage, 2 cases of ⅠB stage, 13 cases of ⅡA stage, 15 cases of ⅡB stage, 4 cases of ⅢA stage, 16 cases of ⅢB stage, and 3 cases of ⅣA stage. Thirteen of the 58 patients underwent neoadjuvant therapy, with the pathological staging as 6 cases of Ⅰ stage, 4 cases of Ⅱ stage, 3 cases of ⅢB stage after therapy. Results of postoperative tumor regression grade for the 13 patients with neoadjuvant therapy showed 4 cases of grad 0, 3 cases of grade 1, 6 cases of grade 2. (3) Follow-up. All 58 patients were followed for 24 (4, 50)months, and no patient died within 90 days after surgery. During the follow-up period, 19 patients experienced tumor recurrence and metastasis and 17 patients died. Twenty-one patients underwent postoperative adjuvant therapy, including 7 cases with chemoradiotherapy, 7 cases with chemotherapy, 3 cases with chemotherapy and immunotherapy, 2 cases with immuno-therapy, 2 cases with radiotherapy. The postoperative 1-, 2-year overall survival rates of the 58 patients were 91.3%, 78.7%, respectively, of whom undergoing McKeown surgery and mediastinoscopic-laparoscopic surgery with postoperative 1-, 2-year overall survival rates as 89.2%, 83.1% and 85.7%, 53.6%, respectively. The postoperative 1-, 2-year esophageal cancer specific survival rates for patients undergoing McKeown surgery and mediastinoscopic-laparoscopic surgery were 94.4%, 87.9% and 85.7%, 71.4%, respectively. There was no significant difference in postoperative 1-, 2-year overall survival rates and postoperative 1-, 2-year esophageal cancer specific survival rates between patients undergoing McKeown surgery and mediastinoscopic-laparoscopic surgery ( P>0.05). (4) Stratified analysis. Of the 49 patients underwent transthoracic approach for esophageal cancer, there were significant differences in surgical method, surgical type, time of chest surgery, cases with upper mediastinal lymph node dissection, and duration of postoperative hospital stay between patients with pulmonary resection history as ipsilateral approach and contralateral approach ( χ2=11.74, 11.68, t=-2.25, χ2=8.45, t=-2.17, P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in total operation time, volume of intraoperative blood loss, the number of lymph node dissected, post-operative total complications, and postoperative pathological TNM staging ( P>0.05). For patients with pulmonary resection history as ipsilateral approach and contralateral approach, the postopera-tive 1-, 2-year esophageal cancer specific survival rates were 95.5%, 95.5% and 81.4%, 71.1%, showing a significant difference between them ( χ2=5.63, P<0.05). Conclusions:The transthoracic approach and mediastinoscopic-laparoscopic approach are safe and feasible for esophageal cancer patients with pulmonary resection history. Compared with patients with pulmonary resection history as contralateral approach, patients with pulmonary resection history as ipsilateral approach have a higher ratio of McKeown surgery, minimally invasive surgery and upper mediastinal lymph node dissection, shorter time of chest surgery and duration of postoperative hospital stay, better esophageal cancer specific survival rate. And there is no increase in perioperative risk.

The commonly used mechanical thrombectomy devices were introduced in terms of the working principle,advantages,disadvantages and clinical effects.The complications by mechanical thrombectomy devices used for thrombosis clearance were summarized,and the causes were analyzed and some countermeasures were put forward accordingly.It's pointed out mechanical thrombectomy devices would be improved in intelligence,automation,precision,individualization and remote control in the future.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(8):79-85]

[Objective]To explore the value of the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease(MELD)3.0 in predicting survival outcomes for patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and to establish an effective mortality prediction model.[Methods]Clinical data of 788 hospitalized patients who were first diagnosed with alcoholic cirrhosis at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University between January 1,2011 and December 31,2019 were analyzed.Patients were followed up until December 31,2023 and divided into survival and mortality groups based on the survival outcomes at 30 days,90 days,1 year,and 3 years after admission.The prognostic values of the MELD 3.0,MELD,MELD-Sodium(MELD-Na)for survival in alcoholic cirrhosis patients were assessed and compared by using the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve and the area under the curve(AUC).Additional risk factors associated with mortality in alcoholic cirrhosis patients were identified,and a novel mortality prediction model based on MELD 3.0 was developed.[Results]The AUC of the MELD 3.0 score in predicting 30-day,90-day,1-year,and 3-year survival was 0.823,0.730,0.686,and 0.658,respectively,which were superior to those of the MELD-Na(0.802,0.708,0.666,and 0.645,respectively)and MELD scores(0.698,0.668,0.654,and 0.633,respectively)(all P<0.05).MELD 3.0 demonstrated better performance at 30 and 90 days(AVC=0.823,0.730;both P<0.05)than at 1 year and 3 years(AVC=0.686,0.658;both P<0.05).Binary logistic regression combined with LASSO regression indicated that the independent risk factors associated with the 1-year outcome included MELD 3.0,baseline ascites and hepatocellular carcinoma.A survival prediction model was then established with AUC of 0.748,sensitivity of 0.695,and specificity of 0.775.[Conclusions]MELD 3.0 has a superior predictive ability for 30-day,90-day,1-year,and 3-year survival in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis than MELD-Na and MELD.The prediction model incorporating MELD 3.0,ascites and hepatocellular carcinoma improves the prediction of 1-year survival outcomes for alcoholic cirrhosis patients.

The concept of holism is the core idea of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. Various organs and tissues coordinate with each other to maintain the body's life activities， with a close and mutual influence between the spleen， stomach， and the central nervous system （brain）. The gut-brain axis plays an important bridging role between the digestive system and the central nervous system， achieving bidirectional information exchange between the brain and the gastrointestinal tract through complex neuroendocrine and immune mechanisms. The theory of cross-organ interaction involves the mutual influence， coordination， and integration between different organs and systems； multimodality， on the other hand， utilizes multiple sensory modalities， such as vision， hearing， and touch， to convey information. By combining TCM theory with the gut-brain axis theory， a cross-organ multimodal characterization system is established to explore its mechanism and application value in refractory diseases such as functional gastrointestinal disorders， precancerous gastrointestinal diseases， Alzheimer's disease， Parkinson's syndrome， type 2 diabetes， and depression.

The commonly used mechanical thrombectomy devices were introduced in terms of the working principle,advantages,disadvantages and clinical effects.The complications by mechanical thrombectomy devices used for thrombosis clearance were summarized,and the causes were analyzed and some countermeasures were put forward accordingly.It's pointed out mechanical thrombectomy devices would be improved in intelligence,automation,precision,individualization and remote control in the future.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(8):79-85]

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the association between body mass index (BMI) and mortality based on the 10-year population-based multicenter prospective study. METHODS: A general population-based multicenter prospective study was conducted at four sites in rural China between 2013 and 2023. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models and restricted cubic spline analyses were used to assess the association between BMI and mortality. Stratified analyses were performed based on the individual characteristics of the participants. RESULTS: Overall, 19,107 participants with a sum of 163,095 person-years were included and 1,910 participants died. The underweight (< 18.5 kg/m ²) presented an increase in all-cause mortality (adjusted hazards ratio [ aHR] = 2.00, 95% confidence interval [ CI]: 1.66-2.41), while overweight (≥ 24.0 to < 28.0 kg/m ²) and obesity (≥ 28.0 kg/m ²) presented a decrease with an aHR of 0.61 (95% CI: 0.52-0.73) and 0.51 (95% CI: 0.37-0.70), respectively. Overweight ( aHR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.67-0.86) and mild obesity ( aHR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.59-0.87) had a positive impact on mortality in people older than 60 years. All-cause mortality decreased rapidly until reaching a BMI of 25.7 kg/m ² ( aHR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92-0.98) and increased slightly above that value, indicating a U-shaped association. The beneficial impact of being overweight on mortality was robust in most subgroups and sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION This study provides additional evidence that overweight and mild obesity may be inversely related to the risk of death in individuals older than 60 years. Therefore, it is essential to consider age differences when formulating health and weight management strategies.
Humans ; Body Mass Index ; China/epidemiology* ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Rural Population/statistics & numerical data* ; Aged ; Follow-Up Studies ; Adult ; Mortality ; Cause of Death ; Obesity/mortality* ; Overweight/mortality*

6-Thioguanine(6-TG)is an antineoplastic agent used in treatment of acute leukemia.However,significant interindividual variability in dosing regimens and frequent clinical manifestations of hepatotoxicity and myelosuppression as adverse effects have affected its therapeutic efficacy.Consequently,the development of rapid analytical methods for 6-TG in clinical samples,enabling continuous therapeutic drug monitoring of plasma concentrations,holds substantial significance in optimizing dosage regimens,mitigating adverse reactions,and investigating drug metabolism mechanisms.In this study,multi-tipped gold nanostars(AuNSs)were prepared.With bis-(p-sulfonylphenyl)phenylphosphine molecule as the protecting agent and internal standard molecule,the AuNSs were assembled onto a highly sensitive surface-enhanced Raman(SERS)substrate for developing a ratio-based SERS quantitative analysis method for 6-TG in serum.The AuNSs containing multiple tips and gaps exhibited strong local surface plasmon resonance effect and SERS activity,ensuring the sensitivity of the analytical method.Furthermore,the introduction of internal standard molecules could improve the reproducibility,which guaranteed this method suitable for rapid analysis of drug molecules in complex samples.Quantitative analysis of 6-TG was achieved with linear detetion range of 1.0×10?4-1.0 mmol/L.In the spiked recovery experiments of serum,the RSD was less than 5.32%,and the recoveries were 94%-104%,which proved that this method could be used for rapid quantitative determination of 6-TG in serum.This method provided a powerful tool for studying drug pharmacokinetics,which could promote the optimization of the usage methods of anti-cancer drugs,and it was expected to further enhance the clinical efficacy and safety of 6-TG,enabling it to achieve the best therapeutic effect.

BACKGROUND: Based on the China-VHD database, this study sought to develop and validate a Valvular Heart Disease- specific Age-adjusted Comorbidity Index (VHD-ACI) for predicting mortality risk in patients with VHD. METHODS & RESULTS: The China-VHD study was a nationwide, multi-centre multi-centre cohort study enrolling 13,917 patients with moderate or severe VHD across 46 medical centres in China between April-June 2018. After excluding cases with missing key variables, 11,459 patients were retained for final analysis. The primary endpoint was 2-year all-cause mortality, with 941 deaths (10.0%) observed during follow-up. The VHD-ACI was derived after identifying 13 independent mortality predictors: cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary artery hypertension, low body weight, anaemia, hypoalbuminaemia, renal insufficiency, moderate/severe hepatic dysfunction, heart failure, cancer, NYHA functional class and age. The index exhibited good discrimination (AUC, 0.79) and calibration (Brier score, 0.062) in the total cohort, outperforming both EuroSCORE II and ACCI (P < 0.001 for comparison). Internal validation through 100 bootstrap iterations yielded a C statistic of 0.694 (95% CI: 0.665-0.723) for 2-year mortality prediction. VHD-ACI scores, as a continuous variable (VHD-ACI score: adjusted HR (95% CI): 1.263 (1.245-1.282), P < 0.001) or categorized using thresholds determined by the Yoden index (VHD-ACI ≥ 9 vs. < 9, adjusted HR (95% CI): 6.216 (5.378-7.184), P < 0.001), were independently associated with mortality. The prognostic performance remained consistent across all VHD subtypes (aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, tricuspid valve disease, mixed aortic/mitral valve disease and multiple VHD), and clinical subgroups stratified by therapeutic strategy, LVEF status (preserved vs. reduced), disease severity and etiology. CONCLUSION The VHD-ACI is a simple 13-comorbidity algorithm for the prediction of mortality in VHD patients and providing a simple and rapid tool for risk stratification.