This paper outlines the development of artificial intelligence （AI） and its applications in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） research， and elucidates the roles and advantages of large language models， knowledge graphs， and natural language processing in advancing syndrome identification， prescription generation， and mechanism exploration. Using spleen-stomach diseases as an example， it demonstrates the empowering effects of AI in classical literature mining， precise clinical syndrome differentiation， efficacy and safety prediction， and intelligent education， highlighting an upgraded research paradigm that evolves from data-driven and knowledge-driven approaches to intelligence-driven models. To address challenges related to privacy protection and regulatory compliance in cross-institutional data collaboration， a "trusted federated evidence-based analysis platform for TCM spleen-stomach diseases" is proposed， integrating blockchain-based smart contracts， federated learning， and secure multi-party computation. The deep integration of AI with privacy-preserving computing is reshaping research and clinical practice in TCM spleen-stomach diseases， providing feasible pathways and a technical framework for building a high-quality， trustworthy TCM big-data ecosystem and achieving precision syndrome differentiation.

BACKGROUND: Preclinical studies have indicated that Angong Niuhuang Pills (ANP) reduce cerebral infarct and edema volumes. This study aimed to investigate whether ANP safely reduces cerebral infarct and edema volumes in patients with moderate to severe acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial included patients with acute ischemic stroke with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores ranging from 10 to 20 in 17 centers in China between April 2021 and July 2022. Patients were allocated within 36 h after onset via block randomization to receive ANP or placebo (3 g/day for 5 days). The primary outcomes were changes in cerebral infarct and edema volumes after 14 days of treatment. The primary safety outcome was severe adverse events (SAEs) for 90 days. RESULTS: There were 57 and 60 patients finally included in the ANP and placebo groups, respectively for modified intention-to-treat analysis. The median age was 66.0 years, and the median NIHSS score at baseline was 12.0. The changes in cerebral infarct volume at day 14 were 0.3 mL and 0.4 mL in the ANP and placebo groups, respectively (median difference: -7.1 mL; interquartile range [IQR]: -18.3 to 2.3 mL, P = 0.30). The changes in cerebral edema volume of the ANP and placebo groups on day 14 were 11.4 mL and 4.0 mL, respectively ( median difference: 3.0 mL, IQR: -1.3 to 9.9 mL, P = 0.15). The rates of SAE within 90 days were similar in the ANP (3/57, 5%) and placebo (7/60, 12%) groups ( P = 0.36). Changes in serum mercury and arsenic concentrations were comparable. In patients with large artery atherosclerosis, ANP reduced the cerebral infarct volume at 14 days (median difference: -12.3 mL; IQR: -27.7 to -0.3 mL, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: ANP showed a similar safety profile to placebo and non-significant tendency to reduce cerebral infarct volume in patients with moderate-to-severe stroke. Further studies are warranted to assess the efficacy of ANP in reducing cerebral infarcts and improving clinical prognosis. TRAIL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov , No. NCT04475328.
Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Double-Blind Method ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/adverse effects* ; Ischemic Stroke/drug therapy* ; Pilot Projects ; Stroke/drug therapy* ; Treatment Outcome

Objective To evaluate and compare the long-term efficacy of endoscopic radiofrequency ablation(RFA)and photodynamic therapy(PDT)combined with biliary stenting for the treatment of unresectable extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.Methods Clinical data of patients with cholangiocarcinoma who received endoscopic RFA or PDT treatment from February 2018 to February 2023 were retrospectively collected.The patients were divided into RFA group(n=30,received endoscopic RFA combined with biliary stent placement)and PDT group(n=20,received PDT combined with biliary stent placement).The frequency of treatment,stent patency time,overall survival time and adverse events incidence were counted.The factors affecting the survival time of patients were analyzed.Results The overall survival time was 14.0(95%CI:11.8～16.2)months in RFA group and 18.0(95%CI:15.4～20.6)months in PDT group,the median patency time of stent was 4.0(95%CI:2.7～5.3)months in RFA group and 3.5(95%CI:2.3～4.7)months in PDT group,the differences were not statistically significant(P>0.05).Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the H＾R of patients with≥2 endoscopic RFA or PDT treatments was 2.417,which was a protective factor affecting overall survival(P=0.018),while the H＾R of TNM stage Ⅲ to Ⅳ was 0.300,which was a risk factor affecting the overall survival period(P=0.002).No significant difference was found in clinical success rate(both 100.00%)and adverse events incidence between the two groups[28.13%(9/32)vs.23.81%(5/21)],the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05).Conclusion The long-term efficacy of endoscopic RFA or PDT combined with biliary stenting in the treatment of unresectable extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is comparable,while the sequential treatment of endoscopic RFA or PDT≥2 times can effectively prolong the overall survival of patients.

Functional dyspepsia (FD), characterized by persistent or recurrent dyspeptic symptoms without identifiable organic, systemic or metabolic causes, is an increasingly recognized global health issue. The objective of this guideline is to equip clinicians and nursing professionals with evidence-based strategies for the management and treatment of adult patients with FD using traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The Guideline Development Group consulted existing TCM consensus documents on FD and convened a panel of 35 clinicians to generate initial clinical queries. To address these queries, a systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP Database, China Biology Medicine (SinoMed) Database, Wanfang Database, Traditional Medicine Research Data Expanded (TMRDE), and the Traditional Chinese Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System (TCMLARS). The evidence from the literature was critically appraised using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. The strength of the recommendations was ascertained through a consensus-building process involving TCM and allopathic medicine experts, methodologists, pharmacologists, nursing specialists, and health economists, leveraging their collective expertise and empirical knowledge. The guideline comprises a total of 43 evidence-informed recommendations that span a range of clinical aspects, including the pathogenesis according to TCM, diagnostic approaches, therapeutic interventions, efficacy assessments, and prognostic considerations. Please cite this article as: Zhang SS, Zhao LQ, Hou XH, Bian ZX, Zheng JH, Tian HH, Yang GH, Hong WS, He YY, Liu L, Shen H, Li YP, Xie S, Shu J, Zeng BF, Li JX, Liu Z, Xiao ZH, Xiao JD, Zheng PY, Huang SG, Chen SL, Fei GJ. International clinical practice guideline on the use of traditional Chinese medicine for functional dyspepsia (2025). J Integr Med. 2025; 23(5):502-518.
Dyspepsia/drug therapy* ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional/methods* ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use*

Necrotizing enterocolitis（NEC）is a gastrointestinal emergency commonly seen in premature infants，and its etiology and high-risk factors have not been fully elucidated.Premature infants who receive blood component transfusions are at significantly increased risk of developing NEC，with a higher incidence and mortality rate.This review focuses on a comprehensive analysis of the association between multiple blood component transfusions and NEC，the pathogenesis，prevention measures，and the threshold of blood component transfusions，aiming to provide a reference for the safe and rational use of blood component transfusions in clinical practice，and to guide fulture research directions.

Objective:To evaluate the association between preoperative systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI) and postoperative complications in patients with obstructive colorectal cancer (OCCRC) undergoing self-expanding metal stent (SEMS) as a bridge to surgery, and to develop and assess a predictive model for postoperative complication risk based on key clinical factors.Methods:Clinical data of 104 OCCRC patients who underwent radical surgery following SEMS placement at the Department of Colorectal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, from August 2019 to December 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. Logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of postoperative complications, and a nomogram was constructed to evaluate predictive performance.Results:The optimal SIRI cutoff value was determined by ROC analysis, and patients were classified into low- ( n=51) and high-SIRI ( n=53) groups.Postoperative complications occurred more frequently in the high-SIRI group than in the low-SIRI group (39.62% vs 13.73%, χ2=8.86, P=0.003). Multivariate logistic regression identified age ( OR=1.05, 95% CI: 1.01-1.09, P=0.027), intraoperative blood loss ( OR=4.45, 95% CI: 1.56-12.75, P=0.005), and high SIRI ( OR=3.73, 95% CI: 1.29-10.83, P=0.015) as independent predictors. The nomogram incorporating these variables showed good predictive ability with an AUC of 0.736. Conclusions:Preoperative elevated SIRI is an independent risk factor for postoperative complications in OCCRC patients treated with SEMS as a bridge to surgery. A nomogram combining SIRI, age and intraoperative blood loss provides effective risk stratification.

Abstract Migraine is a widespread neurovascular disorder, the pathogenesis of which is closely linked to the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP), leading to a significant impairment in patients′ quality of life. CGRP receptor antagonists exert their therapeutic effect by inhibiting the interaction between CGRP and its receptors, thereby preventing migraine attacks. Currently, several agents, including Rimegepant and Ubrogepant, have either received approval from the U. S. Food and Drug Administration or are in advanced stages of clinical trials.These drugs offer multiple advantages, such as the absence of vasoconstrictive effects, a rapid onset of action, and minimal interference with the immune system. Nevertheless, further investigation is necessary to assess their longterm safety, the potential emergence of drug resistance, and the development of individualized treatment protocols.Moreover, the integration of these novel therapies with existing treatment strategies remains a critical area for future research. This review aims to summarize recent national and international scientific advancements to establish a theoretical basis for the application of precision medicine in migraine management.

This study reports the diagnosis and treatment of six cases of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) in liver transplant recipients, confirmed at the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University between August 2017 and May 2023. The report includes details on anti-rejection therapy, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections, imaging findings, histopathological results, treatment courses, and prognoses. By summarizing the clinical experience in the diagnosis and management of PTLD following liver transplantation, this study aims to provide valuable insights and references for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of this condition.

Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is an early and significant cardiac structural charac-teristic that contributes to the onset and progression of heart failure(HF).Its mainly structural feature is the abnormally enlarged cardiomyocyte.Effective intervention targets for abnormally en-larged cardiomyocyte remain to be identified.Previous studies have shown that the cellular shape and size can be regulated by the actin related protein 2/3(Arp2/3)complex,which is an actin-binding protein complex involved in the actin nucleation and assembly.However,the roles of the Arp2/3 complex in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy remain unknown.Here our study identifies its no-vel roles in the occurrence and development of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.We found that mRNA levels of all subunits from the Arp2/3 complex are significantly upregulated(P<0.05)in the an-giotensin II(Ang Ⅱ)-induced neonatal rat primary and H9c2 cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.Fur-ther studies showed that siRNA-directed ARPC2 silencing inhibits the reactivation of fetal genes and enlargement of cardiomyocyte area induced by Ang Ⅱ in neonatal rat primary cardiomyocytes(NRCMs)and H9c2 cells(P<0.05).In addition,the upstream activators of the Arp2/3 com-plex including SH3 protein interacting with Nck,90 kD(SPIN90)and Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1(Rac1)/WASp family Verprolin-homologous protein-2(WAVE-2)are upregu-lated(P<0.05)in Ang Ⅱ-induced neonatal rat primary and H9c2 cardiomyocyte hypertrophy,indicating the excessive activation of the Arp2/3 complex.We further show that CK666,a specif-ic Arp2/3 complex inhibitor,prevents the reactivation of fetal genes and the enlargement of car-diomyocyte area induced by Ang Ⅱ in NRCMs and H9c2 cells(P<0.05).Our results reveal that the Arp2/3 complex plays a crucial role in Ang Ⅱ-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy,which is beneficial to further studies about the molecular mechanisms by which the Arp2/3 complex regu-lates pathological cardiac hypertrophy.

Objective To evaluate and compare the long-term efficacy of endoscopic radiofrequency ablation(RFA)and photodynamic therapy(PDT)combined with biliary stenting for the treatment of unresectable extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.Methods Clinical data of patients with cholangiocarcinoma who received endoscopic RFA or PDT treatment from February 2018 to February 2023 were retrospectively collected.The patients were divided into RFA group(n=30,received endoscopic RFA combined with biliary stent placement)and PDT group(n=20,received PDT combined with biliary stent placement).The frequency of treatment,stent patency time,overall survival time and adverse events incidence were counted.The factors affecting the survival time of patients were analyzed.Results The overall survival time was 14.0(95%CI:11.8～16.2)months in RFA group and 18.0(95%CI:15.4～20.6)months in PDT group,the median patency time of stent was 4.0(95%CI:2.7～5.3)months in RFA group and 3.5(95%CI:2.3～4.7)months in PDT group,the differences were not statistically significant(P>0.05).Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the H＾R of patients with≥2 endoscopic RFA or PDT treatments was 2.417,which was a protective factor affecting overall survival(P=0.018),while the H＾R of TNM stage Ⅲ to Ⅳ was 0.300,which was a risk factor affecting the overall survival period(P=0.002).No significant difference was found in clinical success rate(both 100.00%)and adverse events incidence between the two groups[28.13%(9/32)vs.23.81%(5/21)],the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05).Conclusion The long-term efficacy of endoscopic RFA or PDT combined with biliary stenting in the treatment of unresectable extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is comparable,while the sequential treatment of endoscopic RFA or PDT≥2 times can effectively prolong the overall survival of patients.